Egyptian history dates back to about 7,400 years ago, with the earliest settlement organized city-states in the Faiyum region. About 5,150 years ago (c. 3150 B.C.), North and South Egypt were unified and the world's first unified state was established. Ancient Egypt successively went through the pre-dynastic, early dynastic, Old Kingdom, First Intermediate Period, Middle Kingdom, Second Intermediate Period, New Kingdom, Third Intermediate Period, Late Kingdom, Ptolemaic Dynasty and other periods, with a total of 33 dynasties (including the 0th to 32nd dynasties). Until the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC by the XXXIIND Dynasty (Ptolemaic dynasty).
Ancient Egypt had a complete writing system, political system and institutions, as well as a polytheistic religious system. Through the governance and control of the Nile, the ancient Egyptians achieved great success in agricultural production. Known as the "Mother of Perfection", the Nile River is abundant and regular, bringing valuable water and fertile land to its banks, making Egypt the world's first agricultural nation.
In the Early Kingdom, after the unification of Egypt, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt formed two kingdoms, "Upper Egypt" and "Lower Egypt", and King Menes unified the two kingdoms and made Memphis the capital. The Old Kingdom was the first powerful period in Egyptian history, and the construction of the pyramids is an important symbol of it. The New Kingdom was the second great period in Egyptian history, with the emergence of world-famous pharaohs such as Tutankhamun and Ramses II.
Beginning in 525 BC, Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire, the Macedonian Kingdom, and the Roman Empire. After the Arab invasion in 641 AD, Egypt was gradually Islamized. It became an Ottoman province in 1517 and a British protectorate after being occupied by the British in 1882. On February 28, 1922, Britain declared Egypt an independent country, but reserved the right to dispose of issues such as national defense, foreign affairs, and ethnic minorities. On 23 July 1952, the Nasser regime overthrew the Farouk dynasty and proclaimed the Republic of Egypt on 18 June 1953. In February 1958, it merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic. In 1961, Syria withdrew from the "Arab League". It was changed to its current name on September 1, 1971.
The ancient Egyptian civilization had a great influence on the later civilizations of ancient Greece, ancient Rome, and Judea, and its cultural connotation is rich and occupies an important position in the world cultural system. Traditional art forms include poetry, sculpture, painting, etc.
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