Factors influencing the nutrition of feed ingredients In today's livestock and poultry production, producers and nutritionists pay great attention to the energy level of the diet, the concentration and proportion of amino acids, and the optimal supply of vitamins and trace elements. It is very important to choose the most suitable, high-quality and easy-to-store feed raw materials, and use appropriate raw material processing methods to prepare feed, which is very important for livestock and poultry farms, but there are some problems that need to be paid attention to in the storage and processing technology of feed raw materials, and good feed storage and processing specifications are often ignored. This article will discuss the influence of storage conditions and processing technology on the nutritional value of feed raw materials and how to prevent the quality change of feed raw materials.
Feed Raw Material Concept & **
Feed raw materials refer to the feed that uses an animal, plant, microorganism or mineral as the first feed in feed processing. Feed raw materials include 11 varieties of soybeans, soybean meal, corn, fishmeal, amino acids, miscellaneous meal, additives, whey powder, oil, meat and bone meal and grains. In our country, the formula is formulated in accordance with the national feed raw material standard content, even if each feed company is in accordance with the standard formula, but because of regional differences, the climate difference is large, so the feed formula is also very different, even if it is the same kind of feed, it will also be different due to different processing methods and varieties, its nutrients will be different, even if the feed raw materials are the same, the formula is the same, but due to the inconsistency of processing conditions, there will be great differences between different batches. The premise of the maximum growth potential of animals is the nutritional level of the feed formula, and the nutritional level of the feed formula is determined by the nutrient content of the feed raw materials, therefore, it is necessary to formulate a reasonable feed formula, select the right raw materials according to different regions, and develop a reasonable feed formula to bring greater economic benefits to farmers.
2. Selection and storage of raw materials
The selection and preparation of feed raw materials are the key to determining the quality of feed, according to the feeding of animals to prepare feed, different animals need different feed nutrients, such as in the preparation of pig feed, should pay attention to the potential harm of anti-nutritional factors such as mold and protease inhibitors to pig growth. When preparing fish and shrimp feed, high-protein feed raw materials are required, and toxic substances in feed raw materials should be strictly eliminated. When storing feed raw materials, special attention should be paid to unnecessary pollution caused by the external environment, which can lead to mold and mycotoxin production. Therefore, in actual production, it is necessary to choose the appropriate storage method to ensure the quality of feed raw materials.
In recent years, feed raw materials are facing a shortage situation, producers in order to improve efficiency, adulteration of raw materials, which has brought harm to feed production, so that enterprise personnel in the raw material reserves to strictly control the inspection, test whether the purchased raw materials meet the national feed quality standards, the correct selection of raw materials, to ensure the safety of feed production, to prevent adulteration of feed into the warehouse. Furthermore, due to the limitations of the current feed testing equipment, some feed enterprises have not detected pesticide residues and polluted raw materials, therefore, this has become a major hidden danger in feed production safety, which should cause sufficient attention to the feed industry, so as to be conducive to the development of the feed industry and bring benefits to the aquaculture industry.
Raw material processing
In the process of processing feed raw materials, small impurities in feed are often ignored by producers, because these small impurities contain complex components, will become a breeding place for harmful microorganisms, and raw materials can be used as its culture medium, so that harmful microorganisms grow rapidly, produce a large number of harmful substances, deteriorate feed quality, which is also a problem in feed production. In feed production, the removal of small impurities is conducive to the safety of feed.
Many factors in feed processing technology can cause toxic residues in feed, the most important of which is caused by feed production process design, feed machinery manufacturing and working accuracy. In production, if corresponding measures can be taken in equipment selection and process design, then the residue of hazardous substances can be reduced. Such as screw conveyors and scraper conveyors, these equipment will have residues due to structural reasons, so when designing these equipment, there should be design requirements that can make materials easy to enter and easy to clean. The production of some feeds should be equipped with a suction and dust removal system, and an independent air net should be set up, such as the production of compound premix with added drugs should be treated in this way, so that the feed will not cause secondary pollution.
Changes in the main nutrients in feed ingredients during storage
4.1.Sugars
Feed raw materials are mainly cereals, containing a lot of starch, so starch is the main sugar in feed raw materials, and the starch in the feed is digested and utilized under the action of amylase to be decomposed into dextrin and fructose. Therefore, in a high-temperature environment, it will cause sugar fermentation, produce ethanol and acetic acid, make the feed sour, change the original flavor of the feed, and reduce the nutritional value of the feed. In addition, during storage, when the relative humidity of the environment is 75% or greater than 75%, the amylase activity is enhanced, resulting in the hydrolysis of starch, due to the hydrolysis of amylase, the moisture content is increased, and the sugar in the feed will also be decomposed into carbon dioxide and water, which reduces the sugar content in the feed, thereby reducing the dry matter content in the feed.
4.2.Proteins
During storage, the quality of crude protein in feed ingredients will hardly change significantly, because the nitrogen mixture changes more slowly than other components, and is not easily lost from the feed, sometimes it may increase slightly due to the reduction of sugars, but over time, the solubility and digestibility of the protein will decrease, in addition, when the feed ingredients are contaminated with mold, mycotoxins are produced. The most common thing in life is that aflatoxins will be produced after feed is contaminated with Aspergillus flavus, which will deteriorate the quality of feed raw materials. There are also some common feed raw materials, such as fishmeal, feather meal and blood meal, which are easily contaminated by E. coli and Salmonella, which seriously reduces the quality of feed raw materials and brings serious harm to animals. Therefore, in order to ensure the quality of feed in production, the selection and preservation of raw materials is very important.
4.3.Fat
Some feed fat content is very high, such as oil cake and peanut cake, these fats are easy to automatically oxidize and decompose, produce peculiar smell, also destroy fat-soluble vitamins, reduce the nutritional value of feed, in order to prevent feed oxidation, generally add antioxidants, antioxidants are divided into natural antioxidants and synthetic antioxidants, natural antioxidants such as cloves, pepper and fennel, etc., these are effective for feed safety and prevent fat deterioration, and no pollution, no adverse reactions. Ethoxyquinoline, etc., which are mostly used in the synthesis of oxidants, has a better effect. When the storage temperature and humidity are increased, the ability of lipase to decompose is enhanced, which quickly causes the feed to spoil, which is also caused by the increase in lipase activity due to the large number of molds that produce mycotoxins under high humidity and high temperature conditions. Therefore, the change in fat content during storage is also determined by the temperature and humidity of storage. As long as the storage environment is suitable, fat loss will be reduced.
4.4.minerals and vitamins
In addition to sugars and proteins, feed raw materials are also rich in minerals and vitamins. When minerals are stored, their content usually does not change, except in special circumstances. Vitamins are lost during storage. Fat-soluble vitamins in feed can change with environmental conditions, such as pigment content, which can vary greatly depending on temperature, light, humidity, storage period and mildew. Taking alfalfa as an example, under the condition of -9-15, about 10% of carotene was lost during the half-year storage period. At room temperature, it loses 60%-75%. If mold develops, 98% is lost in the short term. The largest loss of feed raw materials during storage is vitamin E, which is stored in an aerobic environment for 190 days, and the loss is about 62%-67%. In addition, vitamin A and vitamin D are also susceptible to oxidation, which can reduce their potency.
Feed raw material quality protection measures
5.1.Control the moisture content of incoming raw materials
Moisture is an important indicator for the safe storage of feed raw materials, and the high moisture content can easily cause pollution of mold and insects, produce a large number of mycotoxins, deteriorate feed quality, and cause livestock and poultry diseases. Under normal conditions, when the moisture is less than 10%-13%, it can inhibit the production of most microorganisms and insects. Of course, due to economic reasons, it is impossible to make many raw materials to reach a fairly dry degree, so the storage of raw materials must be strictly controlled moisture content, in addition to the moisture content is too high will make the raw materials in the storage process is easily contaminated by mold, the use of mold inhibitors to control mold growth is also an effective measure, control the growth of mold can reduce the production of mycotoxins. However, fungal inhibitors do not remove existing mycotoxins from raw materials, so mold control measures must be put in place as early as possible before mold contamination occurs.
5.2. The feed raw material warehouse should be kept ventilated, dry and protected from light
Ventilation, drying and protection from light are the conditions that the feed raw material warehouse should have, the rapid growth of mold is affected by temperature and humidity, when the temperature and humidity are too high, mold will multiply rapidly, produce a large number of mycotoxins, deteriorate feed quality. Therefore, the humidity of the feed raw material warehouse should be controlled below 65%. Avoid light is to ensure that the nutrients of the feed are not destroyed, studies have shown that light has a catalytic effect on the change of feed quality, light will cause fat oxidation, destroy fat-soluble vitamins, protein will also change due to light, so feed raw materials should be protected from light. In order to reduce the moisture content in the warehouse, some effective measures can be taken to change, such as storage methods, warehouse design, etc.
5.3.Disinfection and pest control
The raw materials stored in the warehouse are susceptible to insect contamination, in addition to insects biting and eating contaminated feed, they will also cause an increase in temperature and humidity, insects are very sensitive to temperature changes, the most suitable temperature for insect reproduction is about 29, the life cycle of insects is about 30d, and the reproduction is very fast. When the temperature is below 15At 5 o'clock, the reproduction is very slow, or even stopped, when the temperature is as high as 41 or higher, it is difficult to grow and reproduce, almost will not exist, so it is necessary to regularly exterminate insects to ensure the feed storage period. Microorganisms are also a way of contamination of feed raw materials, such as some feed raw materials are easily contaminated by microorganisms, such as silkworm pupae, meat and bone meal, fish meal and bone meal and other animal protein feed, these raw materials that are easy to be polluted and invaded by microorganisms can be regularly fumigated with formaldehyde solution and potassium permanganate, which can achieve prevention and insecticidal effects. This kind of protein feed is generally not large, can also be stored in plastic bags, in order to prevent moisture and heat mildew, sealed tightly after being packed in plastic bags, placed in a dry and ventilated place, during the storage period to check the temperature frequently, if there is a fever phenomenon to deal with in time.
5.4.Oils and fats should be stored tightly and antioxidants should be added
Oil as an energy feed raw material, contains high unsaturated fatty acids, easy to oxidize, in order to make it in the storage process, not oxidized, rancidity, first of all, to find out the main cause of its oxidative rancidity, research shows that the reason why oil is easy to be oxidized, rancidity occurs because of changes in environmental conditions, such as light, temperature and humidity changes, will cause its oxidative rancidity. The content of protein, vitamins and fats in oil feed raw materials is high, and there is no protective layer on its surface, and when there is strong light, it will quickly oxidize rancidity in a high temperature and high humidity environment. Therefore, avoiding light, low temperature and low humidity are also one of the main measures to prevent the deterioration of oil feed raw materials. In addition, antioxidants can also be added to some oil feed raw materials to prevent the occurrence of oxidation, which is also an effective method.
5.5.Maintain the particle size integrity of feed ingredients
In order to avoid the loss of nutrients in some pellets, it is necessary to maintain the integrity of the particle size of some pellet feeds during storage, and do not go through crushing and sieve, because the higher the degree of crushing, the more serious the loss of nutrients. Maintain its own characteristics, so that its own nutrients, such as protein, vitamins and fats, do not change. In this way, the safety of feed production is better ensured, and the healthy growth of livestock and poultry animals is guaranteed.
For the import of feed raw materials, some need to apply for the feed import registration certificate approved by the Ministry of Agriculture.
In addition, manufacturers are also required to apply for the General Administration of Customs' access list for export to China.