On December 25, the top ten domestic science and technology news in 2023 were announced, sponsored by the Science and Technology Society and jointly selected by some academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The top 10 domestic science and technology news in 2023 are:
*Establishment of the Science and Technology Committee.
The main alkali tolerance gene of crops and its mechanism of action were revealed for the first time, the domestic large aircraft C919 completed its first commercial flight, the "China Sky Eye" found that there is key evidence of nanohertz gravitational waves, 51 superconducting qubit cluster states were prepared, and the world record was refreshed.
*Establishment of the Science and Technology Committee.
In March this year, the "Reform Plan for Party and State Institutions" (hereinafter referred to as the "Reform Plan") was issued, proposing to strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of scientific and technological workEstablish a first-class science and technology committee, re-establish the Ministry of Science and Technology, focus on forward-looking planning, systematic layout, and overall promotion of scientific and technological work, and accelerate the realization of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-reliance.
On March 5, the first session of the 14th National People's Congress opened at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Yan Yan.
Scientific and technological innovation occupies a core position in the overall situation of China's modernization. In the face of the grim situation of international scientific and technological competition and external containment and suppression, it is necessary to further straighten out the scientific and technological leadership and management system, better coordinate scientific and technological forces to overcome difficulties in key and core technologies, and accelerate the realization of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-reliance.
The reform plan is clear and the first science and technology committee will be formed. Strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of scientific and technological work, coordinate and promote the construction of the national innovation system and the reform of the scientific and technological system, study and review the major strategies, major plans and major policies of national scientific and technological development, coordinate and solve major strategic, directional and overall major problems in the field of science and technology, study and determine national strategic scientific and technological tasks and major scientific research projects, and coordinate the layout of strategic scientific and technological forces such as national laboratories.
The reform plan clearly states that the responsibilities of the office of the Science and Technology Committee shall be assumed by the Ministry of Science and Technology after the reorganization as a whole.
The main alkali tolerance genes of crops and their mechanism of action revealed for the first time that saline-alkali land has become fertile land, which is the dream of human beings for thousands of years. Now, the latest achievements of our scientists have brought mankind one step closer to this goalUsing sorghum, a saline-alkali tolerant crop, they discovered the main alkali tolerance gene AT1 and its mechanism of action for the first time. Field experiments have proved that this gene can significantly increase the yield of sorghum, rice, wheat, corn and millet in saline-alkali land, and is expected to greatly improve the comprehensive utilization level of saline-alkali land.
The research was completed by a scientific research team led by Xie Qi, a researcher at the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Feifei, a professor at China Agricultural University, and Ouyang Yidan, a professor at Huazhong Agricultural University, and a number of cooperative units. The results were published in Science and National Science Review on March 24.
Baicheng, Jilin Province, an experimental field planted with AT1 GS3 improved rice (aerial photo). *Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
There are hundreds of millions of hectares of saline-alkali land in the world, and the cultivation and promotion of high-quality saline-alkali tolerant crop varieties will effectively improve the production capacity of saline-alkali land, which is of great significance to ensure food security. Xie Qi introduced. At present, a lot of research has been made in the research of crop salt tolerance, but the mechanism of crop alkali tolerance is still poorly understood.
The research team conducted genome-wide big data association analysis on sorghum genetic resources and found a major alkali tolerance gene, AT1. This gene is homologous to GS3, a grain shape regulator gene in rice, and the research team also revealed the molecular mechanism of crop salinity tolerance. Subsequent studies found that the regulatory mechanism of AT1 GS3 gene in rice, wheat, maize, and millet was also highly similar.
The domestic large aircraft C919 completed its first commercial flight
May 28 is a day that deserves to go down in history. On this day,The domestic C919 large passenger aircraft successfully completed its first commercial passenger flight, officially entered the civil aviation market, and started a new journey of market-oriented operation and industrialization development.
On May 28, the C919 large passenger aircraft successfully completed its first commercial flight. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Ding Ting.
Large passenger aircraft are known as the "pearl of modern manufacturing", which is a concentrated embodiment of a country's scientific and technological capabilities, industrial level and comprehensive strength. The C919 large passenger aircraft is the first jet trunk airliner developed by China in accordance with international airworthiness standards and has independent intellectual property rightsThe project was established in 2007, the first flight was made in 2017, and after completing all the airworthiness certification work in September 2022, it was issued a type certificate by the Civil Aviation Administration of China.
From design, R&D, manufacturing to the completion of hundreds of flight test subjects, thousands of hours of airworthiness certification work, and then to the first commercial passenger flight, in the past 16 years, C919 has run one stick after another, overcoming one danger after another, making China's "big aircraft dream" step by step into reality.
Through the design and development of C919, China has mastered 5 categories, 20 specialties and more than 6,000 civil aircraft technologies in the civil aircraft industryDrive group breakthroughs in new technologies, new materials and new processes.
More than ten years of wind and rain, chasing dreams of the blue sky to the future. The first commercial passenger flight of C919 marks the comprehensive integration of "R&D, manufacturing, certification and operation" of C919, the official "start" of China's civil aviation commercial operation of domestic large aircraft, and the "in-flight experience" of China's large aircraft officially entered the majority of consumers. In the future, C919 will surely fly high on a new journey.
The discovery of key evidence for nanohertz gravitational waves, and the search for nanohertz gravitational waves is one of the key issues in the field of international physics and astronomy. Using the 500-meter aperture spherical radio telescope, known as the "eye of China's sky".China's pulsar time array (CPTA) research team has found key evidence for the existence of nanohertz gravitational waves. This is an important breakthrough in the search for nanohertz gravitational waves, which shows that China's nanohertz gravitational wave research has reached the leading level in sync with the world. The research results were published in Astronomical and Astrophysical Research on June 29.
Panorama of the "China Sky Eye" taken on July 26 (drone**, taken during maintenance). Photo by Xinhua News Agency Reporter Ou Dongqu As a low-frequency gravitational wave, nanohertz gravitational waves with wavelengths of several light-years are an eternal background noise in the universe. Compared to the high-frequency gravitational waves, which were first discovered in 2016, they are more difficult to "listen to" and require years of data collection.
Long-term time-measuring observations of a group of millisecond pulsars with extremely regular rotation using large radio telescopes are the only known nanohertz gravitational wave detection methods.
Using the 'China Sky Eye', we carried out long-term systematic monitoring of 57 millisecond pulsars, and formed these millisecond pulsars into a galactic-scale gravitational wave detector to search for nanohertz gravitational waves. *Corresponding author Li Kejia, a researcher at the National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a researcher at Peking University, said that the hard work paid off, and after an in-depth analysis of the data collected by the "China Sky Eye" for three years and five months, the CPTA team found key evidence for the existence of nanohertz gravitational waves.
He Zishan, chair professor at Peking University and academician of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, believes that this major scientific breakthrough has a profound impact on the evolution of galaxies and the study of supermassive black holes, and also opens a new window for gravitational wave astrophysics.
The preparation of 51 superconducting qubits in cluster states has set a new world recordFollowing the realization of the preparation of 10-bit, 12-bit, and 18-bit true entangled states, researchers from the University of Science and Technology of China and other units have made important breakthroughsThe preparation and verification of 51 superconducting qubits cluster states were successfully realized, setting a new world record for the number of truly entangled bits in all quantum systems. The results were published in the journal Nature on July 12.
The history of the development of the number of bits in quantum true entanglement. University of Science and Technology of China.
Superconducting quantum computing is widely regarded as one of the most likely solutions to be the first to realize practical quantum computing, so it has attracted much attention. As the basic unit of quantum computing, qubits are different from classical bits that are not 0 or 1 in that they can be in a superposition state of 0 and 1 "at the same time", that is, a quantum coherent superposition state.
When people extended quantum superposition to multi-qubit systems, it naturally led to the concept of quantum entanglement. Once multiple qubits are coherently superimposed, the state space represented by them will grow exponentially as the number of qubits increases. This is thought to be the root cause of the accelerating effects of quantum computing. For many years, the realization of large-scale multi-qubit entanglement has been a goal that scientists around the world have been striving for.
However, due to the larger-scale preparation of true-entangled states requiring high-connectivity quantum systems, high-fidelity multi-bit quantum gates, and efficient and accurate quantum state fidelity characterization methods, the scale of true-entangled bits has not exceeded 24 qubits.
The study significantly broke the record for the number of truly entangled bits in a quantum system from 24 to 51It fully demonstrates the excellent scalability of the superconducting quantum computing system, which is of great significance for the study of many-body quantum entanglement, the realization of large-scale quantum algorithms, and measurement-based quantum computing.
The official operation of the National Space Laboratory "Tiangong Classroom" has brought us wonderful and interesting space experiments, and more exploration of the mysteries of space is being carried out in the National Space Laboratory in an orderly manner.
At the briefing on the space application and development of the manned space project held on August 18, Lin Xiqiang, spokesman of the China Manned Space Project and deputy director of the China Manned Space Engineering Office, saidAt present, China's National Space Laboratory has been officially put into operation, and a near-Earth space science and application system with unique Chinese characteristics has been established.
Shenzhou-16 astronauts take panoramic images of the space station assembly. **China Manned Space Engineering Office.
At the end of 2022, China's space station completed full construction and entered a stage of application and development that lasted for more than 10 years. At this stage, China will carry out manned flights on a regular basis, and astronauts will fly in orbit for a long time, carrying out large-scale space science experiments and technological experiments in many fields. China's fully completed space station is China's national space laboratory with the most comprehensive coverage of space science-related disciplines, the strongest on-orbit support capacity, and unique advantages such as manned participation and uplink and downlink transportation.
On June 4, Shenzhou 15 successfully returned to Earth. In this "space business trip", the three astronauts of Shenzhou 15 successfully entered the Chinese space station, and the astronaut crew of Shenzhou 14 achieved a "space rendezvous" for the first time. On October 29, a "space rendezvous" was staged again, and the two crews of Shenzhou 17 and Shenzhou 16 met successfully on the Chinese space station. This is the 20th anniversary of the realization of the Chinese nation's thousand-year-old dream of flying in the sky by China's first manned spacecraft, Shenzhou 5, and the first time, the second and third batches of astronauts in China are in the same frame at the Chinese space station.
As a "guard" against the invasion of viruses and bacteria, immune cells are an indispensable part of the human immune system. It is of great significance to clarify the type, differentiation and functional status of immune cells to understand immunity and reveal the occurrence and development mechanism of immune-related diseases.
On September 12, Cell** published an important advance on immune cells. Researchers from Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and other unitsThe map of human immune system development with the widest coverage of tissues, the longest time span and the highest sampling density was successfully drawnIt is expected to advance the field of immunology and developmental biology worldwide.
Construct a spatiotemporal map of the development of the human immune system. **Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
In this study, researchers used an automated, high-throughput synthetic biology research big scientific device to build a single-cell transcriptome sequencing platform to "decode" developing immune cells, and draw a map of the development of the human immune system based on such massive data.
At the same time,They also discovered two new types of immune cells:Macrophages that are widely present in multiple tissues and organs, promote angiogenesis, and microglia, which are present outside the central nervous system.
For this research, Han Jiahuai, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and professor of Xiamen University, spoke highly of it. "This study expands our understanding of human immune development, especially the diversity, differentiation and function of macrophages, and contributes to a deeper understanding of the function and regulatory mechanisms of the immune system, providing an important foundation for disease diagnosis, immunity and new development," he said. ”
*Memristor memory and computing integrated chip was successfully developed On October 10, a piece of news spread and rushed to the hot search on Weibo: based on the integrated storage and computing computing paradigm,The team of Professor Wu Huaqiang and Associate Professor Gao Bin of the School of Integrated Circuits of Tsinghua University developed itThe world's first fully integrated memristor memory and computing chip that supports efficient on-chip learning (machine learning can be completed directly on the hardware side). The findings** were published in the journal Science.
The integrated storage and computing chip developed by us demonstrates the characteristics of high adaptability, high energy efficiency, high versatility, and high accuracy, which can effectively strengthen the learning and adaptability of smart devices in practical application scenarios. Gao Ha introduced in an interview with reporters.
Memristor memory and computing integrated chip and test system. Tsinghua University.
It is understood that this chip contains all the circuit modules necessary to support complete on-chip learning, and successfully completes a variety of on-chip incremental learning functions such as image classification, speech recognition and control tasks. The results can be applied to smart terminal devices such as mobile phones, as well as edge computing scenarios, such as automobiles and robots.
More importantly, under the same task, the energy consumption of this chip to achieve on-chip learning is only 3% of that of the ASIC system under the advanced process, showing excellent energy efficiency advantages and has the application potential to meet the high computing power requirements in the artificial intelligence eraIt reveals a new paradigm of edge learning in the era of artificial intelligence, and provides an innovative development path for breaking through the bottleneck of energy efficiency and computing power under von Neumann's traditional computing architecture.
Naming and delivering the first domestically produced large cruise ship to build Chinese's own large cruise ship is the long-cherished wish of several generations of Chinese shipbuilders. This year, the shipbuilders' long-cherished wish was fulfilled. On November 4th,China's first domestic large-scale cruise ship "Aida Modu" was officially named and delivered. This marks that China has since achieved a "zero breakthrough" in the manufacture of domestic large-scale cruise ships.
On November 4, China's first domestic large-scale cruise ship "Aida Modu" was named and delivered. **Visual China.
It is reported that the total tonnage of "Aida Modu" is 13550,000 tons, length 3236 meters, width 372 meters, maximum height 722 m;The whole ship is equipped with 107 systems, 550,000 equipment, including 25 million parts, and 4,750 kilometers of cables have been laidThere are 2,125 guest rooms on board, which can accommodate 5,246 passengers......This behemoth is like a "modern city on the sea".
Large cruise ships, large LNG carriers and aircraft carriers are known as the "three jewels in the crown" of the shipbuilding industry, which are extremely difficult to design and build, and are landmark projects that reflect a country's industrial strength and scientific and technological level. The successful design and construction of the "Aida Modu" marks the breakthrough of China's shipbuilding industry in the main core technologies such as weight control, shock absorption and noise reduction of large cruise ships.
On December 6, good news came from Rongcheng, Shandong: the demonstration project of Huaneng Shidaowan high-temperature gas-cooled reactor nuclear power plant was officially put into operation at a stable electric power level and transferred to commercial operation. This is the world's first nuclear power plant with completely independent intellectual property rights, marking that China has been in a leading position in the field of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor nuclear power technology.
Led by China Huaneng and jointly built by Tsinghua University and China National Nuclear Corporation, the plant started construction in December 2012 and was connected to the grid for the first time in December 2021. At present, there are more than 2,200 sets of equipment for the first unit (set) of Shidaowan high-temperature gas-cooled reactor nuclear power plant, more than 600 sets (sets) of innovative equipment, and the localization rate of equipment has reached 934%。
Exterior view of Huaneng Shidaowan high-temperature gas-cooled reactor nuclear power plant demonstration project. **China Huaneng, photo by Sun Wenzhan.
It is reported thatHuaneng Shandong Shidaowan Nuclear Power Plant has gathered more than 500 units in the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain such as design and development, engineering construction, equipment manufacturing, production and operationIt has successively conquered a number of world-class key technologies. The commercial operation and operation of nuclear power plants is of great significance and positive impact on promoting the safe development of nuclear power in China and enhancing China's nuclear power science and technology innovation capabilities.
Relying on this project, China has systematically mastered the design, manufacturing, construction, commissioning, operation and maintenance technology of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, China Huaneng and Tsinghua University have jointly developed six key core technologies for the commissioning and operation of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, cultivated a group of professionals with experience in the construction and operation and maintenance management of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, formed a set of standardized management systems that can be replicated and promoted, and established an independent intellectual property system with patents, technical standards and software copyrights as the core.
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