Urban Transformation in Ancient China A turning point in the development of important cities in various periods
Ancient Chinese cities have always been accompanied by the change of dynasties, social and economic changes and development, is a direct reflection of the state power and administrative system from the first to the local, subject to social changes, economic exchanges, transportation and wars in various periods, after thousands of years of gradual evolution, the formation of a stable urban system and distinctive regional characteristics.
The Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties lasted 408 years, inheriting the prosperity of the Sui and Tang dynasties and the five dynasties and ten kingdoms, which was the period when the city prospered and developed in the social and economic changes, and it was also the period when the city was destroyed in the Civil War since the late feudal society of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Shandong is located in the important administrative region and economic exchange center during the period of the Great Unification Dynasty, and is at the front line of the Civil War and the ** period.
The Song and Yuan dynasties were an important transitional period in China's urban development.
The Song and Yuan dynasties were a period of transition from prosperity to decline of China's feudal society, as well as a period of transformation and improvement of China's urban and institutional development. With the country's transition from partition to unification and multi-ethnic integration, the administrative system shifted from the Daoist and Shandong periods to the provincial period, which basically determined the local administrative map of China in later generations. Changes in the administrative system, socio-economic changes, and the development of water and land transportation networks have continuously strengthened urban functions and continuously evolved urban architecture. The hierarchy of the ancient city system was subordinate to the administrative hierarchy, so during the Song and Yuan dynasties, the hierarchy of the city system changed dramatically.
The rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty learned the lessons of the disaster of Fangzhen during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, and from the end of the Tang Dynasty, they will"Section (Fang Town) - State - County"The ** administrative system was changed to"Road-State-Government-Army-Prison"of the ** municipal system, state, government, military, prison"Although the functions and jurisdictions of the government, prefecture, military, and prison are different, they are also a single district and county political space. After the Jin Dynasty took control of the Northern Han Dynasty, its administrative system inherited the road system of the Song Dynasty and was set up under the road"Prefecture, state-county"or"Road (secondary road) - Mangdang"Two-tier municipal system. In the Yuan Dynasty, a central county was set up in the province, and the road was reduced to a local two-level city systemLocal counties are set up in the province and formed"Prefecture-Province-(Road)-Road-State-County"The multi-level composite municipal system.
The Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties were critical periods for the development of urban civilization. The development of civilization in the Yellow River basin brought the cities of Guanzhong to the peak of prosperity in the Sui and Tang dynasties, while the development of civilizations along the canals brought the cities of the Central Plains closer to the coastal cities of the Song Dynasty. During the Jin and Yuan dynasties, the civilization of the canal basin dominated the development of urban civilization and guided the development of cities in the north and south of the eastern coast. From the Qin and Han dynasties to the Northern Song Dynasty, the axis of national development was a north-south direction centered on the Guanzhong Basin and the Heluo Plain"Yellow River + Canal"The water transport system, and in the Jin and Yuan periods, was north-south"Yellow River + Canal"The water transport system is the main axis of national development.
The overall pattern of the national development strategy has changed from the east-west axis to the north-south axis, and the national political center has moved along the spatial route of west-east-north-south, which has led to the change of the location of urban development in the country, guided urban development along this route, and affected the urban architecture. Department structure"。Northern Song Dynasty,"Guanzhong Heluo"There are frequent exchanges between the region and the eastern coastal areas, and the socio-economic situation has undergone qualitative changes. The prosperity of the commodity economy has transformed the internal spatial structure of the city from closed to open, the open block form has replaced the closed Lifang structure, broken the Lifang wall, established the Lifang system of block division, the handicraft industry and the new market town have continued to develop, and urban and rural areas have begun to separate.
Secondly, Shandong was an important region for the national development strategy during the Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties.
During the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the country was chaotic, and the war destroyed the periphery and pattern of the development of the original national central city, and broke the east-west national development axis centered on the Heluo Basin in Guanzhong. During the Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties, the urban development pattern centered on the North China Plain gradually took shape, spreading to the north and south along the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal, and Shandong became a necessary place for the north and the south to intertwine.
The capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Bianliang (Kaifeng), Xijing Luoyang and Jingdong Military Barrier Shandong are all located to the east of the capital, and the name of the political district"JD.com"Namely"Gyeonggi Defense"The meaning can be seen. From the perspective of economic situation, Shandong is located in the eastern coastal plain of the capital, which is an important area for national economic development, an important transit point for maritime traffic, and an east-west direction"Wei River - Yellow River"The eastern end of the strategic axis and extension of the Silk Road.
The political and military center of gravity of the Jin and Yuan Dynasty shifted to the north, the center of gravity of national development shifted to the north, and the center of gravity of economic and cultural center shifted to the south, the spatial distance between the two development centers changed, and the overall pattern of urban development also changed. During the conflict between the Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, the so-called Shandong was eliminated to a certain extent"The north refuses to expand southward"Strategic position in the Qi regime. The northern regime could force Jianghuai to conquer Shandong in the south and surrender Hebei;The southern regime can conquer the Central Plains and conquer Shandong, and surrender to the Jianghuai, so Shandong has always been divided between the north and the south.
During the Yuan Dynasty, Shandong was directly controlled"Hinterland", reflecting the importance of its geographical location. In addition, in the Yuan Dynasty, the Grand Canal was an important waterway that stretched from the junction of the North China Plain and the Shandong Hills in the north to the capital, the Huanghuai Plain and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the south. This area of Shandong Province has gradually changed from the end of the original east-west urban development axis to the connecting node of the north-south canal of the north-south urban development axis, and has become the land of the north-south strait.
Whether it is the political and military center of the Kaifeng Dynasty of the Northern Song Dynasty or the political and military center of the Jinyuan and Yanjing Dynasty, Shandong is in the Guizhou region in terms of geographical location and political status, and plays an important role in the development of the country's politics, military, economy, and transportation.
Surname. 3. Jin and Yuan determined the rank and scale of the political regions of Shandong in the past dynasties.
The Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties are of great significance in the history of the Shandong political region"Shandong"As the basis for the name of the administrative region, it is also an important transitional period for determining the modern Shandong political region. From the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty to Beijing East Road"Divide and conquer"The establishment of the system, to the Shandong Road of the Jin Dynasty, to the Shandong Province of the Yuan Dynasty, and finally from the Ming and Qing dynasties to today, the established name of the political region - Shandong Province. ""Shandong"The word, which is both a geographical name and an administrative division, has a double meaning and is the beginning of the Jin Dynasty. "Kim"In"Protect the country and the people"Under the slogan, it was established north of the Huaihe-Dasanguan line"Pseudo-Qi"regime, of the Northern Song Dynasty"JD.com"The name is no longer applicable to Shandong, so it is changed"Shandong", which is still in use today.
Song and Jin periods"JD.com"、"Shandong"The regions are not identical, the western region is quite different, and the central and eastern (peninsula) regions are basically the same. Such as Jingdong Road, the jurisdiction is"East to the sea, west to Bian, south half of Huaisi, north of Bo Shanghe", including Yan, Cao, Qing, Yun, Mi, Qi, Ji, Yi, Deng, Lai, Zi, Pu, Ye, Wei and other prefectures, Guangji Army, Qingping Army, Laiwujian and other administrative regions, including most of the current Shandong Province. In the Yuan Dynasty, Shandong was directly under the provincial government, and if the present-day Shandong administrative region is compared with the historical political region, the Song-Jin Shandong political region is closer to the jurisdiction of present-day Shandong Province.
Words. During this period, Shandong formed the basic framework of the later political regions of Shandong Province, and the hierarchical structure of the administrative regions, the names of most of the districts, the boundaries and the overall form were basically determined, which determined the scale and hierarchical structure of the political regions at all levels in Shandong later, and influenced the development of towns and society in the region from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the present, as well as the development of the urban system pattern.