1.First-pass elimination: also known as first-pass metabolism, refers to the first time that some drugs enter the liver through the intestinal wall or through the portal vein, some of them can be metabolically inactivated and reduce the amount of drugs circulating throughout the body, also known as first-pass effect.
2.Enzyme inducers: Drugs that can induce an increase in the activity of pharmaceutical enzymes or accelerate the synthesis of pharmaceutical enzymes are called pharmaceutical enzyme inducers.
3.Enzyme inhibitors: Enzyme inhibitors are substances that can inhibit the activity of specific enzymes related to a certain disease in an organism, so as to obtain curative effects. So far, more than 100 kinds of enzyme inhibitors have been discovered, and some have been used in clinical practice. Protease inhibitors include gastric inhibitors, chymostats, etc., and different types of proteases have corresponding enzyme inhibitors.
4.Half-life: In pharmacokinetics, the metabolic process of the drug in the body is carried out according to the first-order kinetic process, so the drug also has a relatively stable half-life in the body, which is called the drug elimination half-life or plasma half-life, which is specifically defined as the time required for the concentration of the drug in the organism to drop by half.
5.First-order kinetics: According to the relationship between the drug transport rate and the drug concentration or concentration, the elimination rate process of the drug in the body can be divided into first-order, zero-order and Michaelis rate process. The first-order kinetic process, also known as the first-order rate process, refers to the rate of drug transport in a certain compartment or a certain site that is proportional to the concentration (c) or dose (x) of the drug in that compartment or site. First-order dynamics processes are also known as linear dynamics. Since the pharmacokinetic parameters of the process, such as half-life and so on, are independent of the dose, it is also called the dose-independent rate process.
6.Steady-state concentration: Steady-state concentration refers to the plasma drug concentration at which the plasma drug concentration stabilizes at a level after 4 5 half-lives.
7.Absolute bioavailability: Absolute bioavailability (FABS) is the relative amount of drug absorbed into the systemic circulation in the test preparation (testpmduct) obtained by intravenous administration (usually considered to be 100% bioavailability) as the reference preparation. The AUC ratio of the test preparation for intramuscular administration to the reference preparation for intramuscular injection after administration reflects the effect of the route of administration on drug absorption, which mainly depends on the structure and nature of the drug.
8.Relative bioavailability: Relative bioavailability (FREL) is the relative amount of the active ingredient absorbed into the systemic circulation obtained by the preparation administered by other extravascular routes as the reference preparation, and is the ratio of AUC after administration between different preparations of the same drug. The effects of prescription and preparation process on absorption in vivo epitomize the in vivo quality of the test preparation.
10.Toxic reaction: Toxic reaction refers to the harmful reaction to the target tissues (organs) of the user when the drug dose is too large, the drug is used for too long or the drug accumulates too much in the body.
11.After-effects: After-effectsAfter-effects refer to the pharmacological effects that remain when the plasma concentration has dropped below the threshold concentration after discontinuation of the drug.
12.Drug withdrawal reaction: also known as drug withdrawal syndrome, refers to the phenomenon that the patient's condition deteriorates after using a certain drug for a long time and suddenly stopping the drug, also known as the rebound reaction.
13.Quantity reaction: The toxic effect of the drug is proportional to the dose within a certain range, in which the strength of the toxic effect is a variable that increases or decreases continuously, which is called the quantity response.
14.Minimum effective dose: It usually refers to the minimum dose with pharmacological effects after administration.
15.Maximum effect: Maximum effect refers to the maximum value of the pharmacological effect of the drug when the concentration or dose of the drug is increased to a certain extent, and its effect is no longer enhanced (pharmacological) or called efficacy.
16.Half-maximum effect concentration (EC50): Causes 50% of the individual effective drug concentrations. LD50 ED50, TD50 ED50, TC50 EC50, etc., collectively known as ** index, is a class of safety indicators for drugs, and usually the larger its value, the safer.
17.Half lethal dose (LD50): Indicates the minimum amount of bacteria or toxins required to kill half of an animal of a certain weight or age within a specified period of time, through a specified route of infection.
18.kd: First-order reaction refers to any reaction where the reaction speed is only proportional to the power of the reactant concentration, and the ratio between them is the first-order reaction rate constant.
19.Partial agonists: Refers to drugs that have a strong affinity for receptors and only have weak intrinsic activity. Some agonists produce weak agonism when used alone or in combination with receptor antagonists, and antagonistic effects in the presence of agonists.
20.Non-competitive antagonists: when used in combination with agonists, the affinity and activity are reduced, that is, the dose-response curve of the agonist is not only shifted to the right, but also its maximum efficacy.
21.Reserve receptors: Drugs can have the greatest effect by occupying only a small portion of receptors, and unoccupied receptors are called reserve receptors.
22.Passive transport: It consumes neither energy nor carriers, but only passes through the cell membrane by simple diffusion or filtration along the concentration gradient.
23.PKA: PKA is a specific type of equilibrium constant, the larger the KA, the smaller the PKA and the more acidic.
24.Drug dependence: also known as drug addiction or drug addiction, also commonly known as "drug addiction", refers to the long-term interaction between drugs and the body, so that the body in physiological functions, biochemical processes and or morphology of specific, compensatory and adaptive characteristics, stopping the drug can lead to the body's discomfort or psychological craving.
25.Discontinuation syndrome: The purpose of medication is to prevent and cure diseases, and after the purpose is achieved, stopping the drug becomes a natural thing. However, improper drug withdrawal often causes "rebound phenomenon", "withdrawal phenomenon" and "drug withdrawal crisis", which is collectively referred to as "drug withdrawal syndrome" in clinical practice. Appropriate drug discontinuation is an important part of rational drug use, and whether there is a drug discontinuation syndrome is an important criterion for judging whether drug discontinuation is appropriate.
26.Rebound phenomenon: Rebound phenomenon, also known as withdrawal syndrome, refers to the original disease** or worsening when the drug is stopped suddenly or the dose is reduced too quickly. It refers to the phenomenon of long-term use of certain drugs** diseases, and the sudden discontinuation of the drug after the symptoms are basically controlled, resulting in the reversal of the disease. Common drugs in this class include clonidine, steroidal hormones, opioids, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, propranolol, etc.
27.Antagonism: Antagonism refers to the weakening or disappearance of the effect of two or more drugs when combined, and in most cases it is not appropriate to use them together.
28.Drug resistance: refers to the tolerance of microorganisms, parasites and tumor cells to the action of chemotherapy drugs, once drug resistance is generated, the chemotherapy effect of drugs will be significantly reduced. Antimicrobial resistance can be divided into acquired resistance and natural resistance according to the cause of its occurrence.
29.Tolerance: Tolerance refers to a state in which the human body has reduced responsiveness to drugs, which is divided into congenital and acquired according to its nature. Tolerance is a biological phenomenon that is a natural consequence of the application of a drug.
30.Inotics: Inotropes are drugs that have a positive inotropic action on the heart. Its main mechanism of action is to enhance myocardial contractility and increase cardiac output.
31.Full efficacy: The dose or concentration that can cause a qualitative reaction in 100% of experimental animals.
32.Cardiac glycoside: Cardiac glycoside is a class of drugs with selective cardiotonic effects, also known as cardiac glycosides or cardiac glycosides. Clinically, it is mainly used for chronic cardiac insufficiency, in addition to some arrhythmias, especially supraventricular arrhythmias.
33.Concealed conduction: Concealed conduction refers to a sinus or ectopic beat that excites a special conduction system of the heart (e.g., part of the atrioventricular junction area), and although it does not reach the atria or ventricles to form a P wave or QRS complex, it is indirectly confirmed that the refractory period it produces in this area affects the conduction or formation of the next agitation. So occult conduction is not true"Hidden", but one of a kind"incomplete penetrating agitation".
34.Calcium channel blockers: Calcium channel blockers, also known as calcium antagonists, are a class of drugs that selectively act on calcium channels and block the flow of extracellular calcium ions into cells, thereby affecting cell function. Intracellular calcium ions play a very important role in cell function, as an important intracellular second messenger, regulate many cellular responses and activities, participate in neurotransmitter release, muscle contraction, gland secretion, platelet activation, etc., especially play an important role in the function of the cardiovascular system, is a very important class of drugs in clinical practice.
35.Calcium-mediated calcium release: is an ion channel on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane that mediates intracellular calcium signaling. RYR1 plays an important role in the excitator-contraction coupling of skeletal muscle cells.
36.Iatrogenic adrenal hyperfunction: after long-term use of glucocorticoids, due to the excess of normal levels of glucocorticoids in the body, the thalamus-pituitary adrenal cortex system is inhibited through negative feedback, and the secretion of ACTH in the anterior pituitary is reduced, resulting in endogenous adrenal cortex secretion function and even adrenal cortex atrophy. At this time, once the drug is stopped, the exogenous glucocorticoids are reduced, and the endogenous adrenocorticosteroids cannot be immediately secreted and supplemented, and adrenal insufficiency may occur. Manifestations such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, muscle weakness, hypoglycemia, and hypotension are called iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency.
37.Permissive action: Permissive action generally refers to the permissive action of hormones. Specifically, it refers to the phenomenon that some hormones cannot directly act on organs, tissues or cells to produce physiological effects, but their existence creates conditions for the physiological effects of another hormone.
38.-Lactam antibiotics: refers to a large class of antibiotics with -lactam rings in their chemical structure, including penicillins and cephalosporins, which are the most commonly used in clinical practice, as well as other atypical -lactam antibiotics such as cephamycins, thiomycins, and monocyclic lactams. This type of antibiotic has the advantages of strong bactericidal activity, low toxicity, wide indication and good clinical efficacy. The chemical structure of this class of drugs, especially the alteration of the side chains, has formed many antibiotics with different antimicrobial spectrum and antimicrobial effects, as well as various clinical pharmacological properties.
39.Macrolide antibiotics: It is a general term for a class of antibacterial drugs with 12-16 carbolactone loops in molecular structure, which inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by blocking the activity of peptidyl transferase in 50s ribosomes, and belongs to rapid bacteriostatic agents. It is mainly used for aerobic gram-positive cocci and negative cocci, some anaerobic bacteria, and Legionella, mycoplasma, chlamydia and other infections. However, recent studies have shown that macrolide antibiotics have a wide range of pharmacological effects in addition to antimicrobial effects.
40.First-line anti-tuberculosis drugs: First-line anti-tuberculosis drugs mainly refer to rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide and streptomycin. For treatment-naïve pulmonary tuberculosis patients, quadruple anti-tuberculosis drugs are used, and the commonly used regimens are rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide, with the first 2 months as the intensification phase and the last 4 months as the consolidation phase. For retreated pulmonary tuberculosis patients, it is necessary to add streptomycin on the basis of the above quadruple to carry out**, the course of treatment is 9 months, the first 3 months are the strengthening period, and the last 6 months are the consolidation period. Most patients can control the disease with first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. For a small subset of patients, such as drug-resistant tuberculosis or multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, some second-line antituberculosis drugs need to be selected**.