Decoration engineering materials.
1. Finishing materials.
1.Facing stone.
1) Natural Facing Stone.
1) Granite slabs.
Granite slabs are made of granite by sawing, grinding, cutting and other processes. The granite slab is hard and dense, with high compressive strength, excellent wear resistance and good chemical stability, not easy to weather, and good durability; However, due to the fact that granite contains quartz, the crystal form transformation will occur at high temperatures, resulting in volume expansion, therefore, granite slabs have poor fire resistance.
According to the provisions of the current national standard "Natural Granite Building Panels" (GB T 18601-2009), natural granite panels are divided into two types: ordinary plates (N) (square or rectangular) and special-shaped plates (S).
The classification of granite slabs is shown in the figure.
The main technical requirements for granite slabs are: allowable deviation of specification size, appearance quality, mirror gloss, bulk density, water absorption, dry compressive strength and flexural strength.
2) Marble slabs.
Marble slab is a high-grade indoor and outdoor decoration material made of marble blocks sawing, grinding and polishing. Marble has a dense structure and high compressive strength, but not much hardness, so it is relatively easy to saw, carve and polish. Pure marble is white, called white marble, and pure white and pure black marble belong to the precious variety.
According to the provisions of the current national standard "Natural Marble Building Slabs" (GB T 19766-2016), marble slabs are divided into two types: ordinary slabs (N) and special-shaped slabs (S).
The classification of marble slabs is shown in the figure.
The main technical requirements for marble slabs are: allowable deviation of specification size, appearance quality, mirror gloss, bulk density, water absorption, dry compressive strength and bending strength, etc.
Marble slabs have the advantages of low water absorption, good wear resistance and good durability, but their weathering resistance is poor.
Because the main chemical component of marble is calcium carbonate, which is easy to be eroded, causing the surface to lose its luster, become rough and reduce the decoration and use effect, it is generally not suitable for outdoor decoration except for a few varieties (including quartz-based sandstone and stone curved rock).
2) Artificial facing stone.
1) Construction terrazzo plates.
The building terrazzo plate is made of cement, gravel and sand as the main raw materials, through mixing, molding, curing, grinding, polishing and other processes, with high strength, strong and durable, beautiful, easy to scrub, not easy to dust, good waterproof and wear-resistant performance, easy construction and other characteristics.
It is particularly worth noting that the terrazzo slab made of high-alumina cement as a cementitious material has high gloss, durable pattern, weathering resistance, fire resistance and moisture resistance, etc., because the aluminium hydroxide colloidal generated by the hydration of high-alumina cement forms an aluminum hydroxide gel layer when it comes into contact with the smooth template surface, and in the cement hardening process, these aluminium hydroxide colloids are continuously filled in the capillary pores of the aggregate to form a dense structure, so the surface is smooth, shiny and translucent.
The classification of terrazzo slabs is shown in the figure.
2) Synthetic stone panels.
Synthetic stone panel belongs to artificial stone slab, made of unsaturated polyester resin as cementitious material, mixed with various inorganic fillers and reaction accelerators, with the pattern and texture of natural stone, small volume density, high strength, thin thickness, good acid and alkali resistance and pollution resistance, its color and pattern can be made according to the design intent, and can also be made into arcs, curved surfaces and other geometric shapes. Its varieties include imitation natural marble slabs, imitation natural granite slabs, etc., which can be used for indoor and outdoor façade and column decoration, as indoor wall and ground decoration materials, and can also be used as stair panels, window sill panels, etc.
2.Veneer ceramic.
1) Glazed tiles
Glazed tiles, also known as ceramic tiles, have glaze on the front and concave and convex on the back to facilitate pasting construction. It is one of the most commonly used and important finishing materials in architectural decoration projects, which is made of porcelain clay or high-quality clay calcining, and belongs to fine pottery products. Glazed tiles are divided into three types according to the glaze color: monochrome (including white), flower color and pattern brick; According to the shape, it is divided into three types: square, rectangular and special-shaped fitting bricks; According to the appearance quality grade, it is divided into three grades: excellent product (A), first-class product (B) and qualified product (C).
Glazed tiles have the characteristics of flat and smooth surface, strong and durable, bright colors, easy to clean, fireproof, waterproof, wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, etc. However, it should not be used outdoors, because the glazed brick is porous, and the moisture expansion phenomenon will occur after absorbing a large amount of water, and the glaze hygroscopic expansion rate is very small, which leads to glaze cracking, peeling and peeling.
2) Wall and floor tiles
Wall and floor tiles are the general term of wall tiles and floor tiles, because its current development trend is to be used as a product for both walls and floors, so it is called wall and floor tiles, which actually include bricks for decorative veneer on the exterior walls of buildings and bricks for indoor and outdoor ground decoration and paving.
Wall and floor tiles are made of clay with uniform quality and high refractory degree as raw materials, which are pressed and molded and fired at high temperatures, which have the characteristics of strong and durable, easy to clean, fireproof, waterproof, wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, etc., and can be made into flat, hemp surface, imitation granite surface, matte glazed surface, glossy glazed surface, non-slip surface, wear-resistant surface and other products. In order to have a good adhesion to the substrate, it often has uneven grooves on the back. There are many varieties and specifications of wall and floor tiles, and the sizes are different to meet the needs of different environmental conditions.
3) Ceramic mosaic tiles.
Ceramic mosaic tiles are small pieces of tiles made from high-quality china clay. Before leaving the factory, it is pasted on kraft paper according to the design pattern, and each side is about 30cm long. There are two kinds of surfaces: unglazed and glazed; There are two kinds of colors: monochrome and parquet; There are many basic shapes, such as squares, rectangles, and hexagons.
Ceramic mosaic bricks are stable in color, beautiful, wear-resistant, pollution-resistant, easy to clean, good frost resistance, durable, and low in cost, mainly used for indoor ground paving.
4) Porcelain tiles
Porcelain bricks, also known as homogeneous bricks, full-body bricks, and vitrified bricks, are made by adding chemical adhesives to natural stone crushing and pressing them at high temperatures. The sintering temperature of porcelain bricks is high, the degree of porcelain is good, and the water absorption rate is less than 05%, the hygroscopic expansion rate is very small, so the brick has high flexural strength, wear resistance, acid and alkali resistance, no discoloration, long life, and no visible defects in -15 20 freeze-thaw cycles 20 times.
Porcelain bricks have the texture of natural stone, and have the advantages of high gloss, high hardness, high wear resistance, low water absorption, less color difference, diversified specifications and rich colors. Decoration on the exterior wall of the building can play the role of sound insulation, heat insulation, and it is lighter than marble, uniform and dense texture, high strength, stable chemical properties, its excellent physical and chemical properties, derived from its microstructure. Porcelain bricks are polycrystalline materials, mainly composed of countless micro-grade quartz grains and mullite grains to form a grid structure, these crystals and glass have high strength and hardness, and the grain and glass have a fairly high binding strength.
3.Other finishing materials.
1) Gypsum finishing material
Gypsum finishing materials include gypsum floral decoration, decorative gypsum board and embedded decorative gypsum board. They are made of building gypsum as the main raw material, mixed with an appropriate amount of fiber reinforced materials (glass fiber, asbestos and other fibers and 108 glue and other adhesives) and admixtures, stirred with water, and then poured and dried. Decorative gypsum board is divided into two categories according to moisture-proof performance: ordinary board and moisture-proof board, and each type can be divided into three types: flat plate, orifice board and relief board according to the plane shape. Gypsum board is mainly used for interior ceilings and interior wall finishes.
2) Plastic Finishing Materials Plastic finishing materials include various plastic wallpapers, plastic decorative plates (plastic veneer decoration, rigid PVC board, glass fiber reinforced plastic plate, calcium-plastic foam decorative sound-absorbing board, etc.), plastic coil flooring, block plastic flooring, chemical fiber carpet, etc.
3) Wood, metal and other finishing materials Wood, metal and other finishing materials include thin wood veneer, plywood, wood flooring, aluminum alloy decorative board, colored stainless steel plate, etc.