The Middle Ages in Europe have been dubbed "dark" by history. During this period, Europe suffered from economic, cultural, and military stagnation and chaos. With the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe failed to achieve unity again, and the establishment of feudalism led to the emergence of many small feudal states. Before the rise of the Kingdom of France, more than 2,000 kingdoms of various sizes sprung up in Europe, and the list is only the tip of the iceberg. In fact, more unwritten kingdoms may be more abundant. Compared with the more than 3,000 district-level administrative units in China today, the so-called king of Europe at that time was more like a district governor in China today.
The maps of Europe during this period are full of princes and princesses, which also provides a steady stream of material for various fairy tales about princes and princesses in the future. Frequent wars between these countries have thrown the entire European continent into chaos. The Kingdom of France, a monarchy from the Middle Ages to the early modern period, was founded by Hugo Capet in 987, marking the founding of the Capetian dynasty. Although it was a relatively large kingdom in Europe during the Middle Ages at the time, its scope of rule was roughly equivalent to that of today's France.
The chaos in Europe continued until the Renaissance. In the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church exercised strict control over the spread of scientific ideas, consolidating its power by limiting people's perception of the world. Against those who doubt and disobey dogma, the Church has taken a harsh crackdown, further deepening the chaos in Europe. Feudalism and ecclesiastical domination led to the stagnation of Europe's economy, and the progress of science and technology and productivity was suppressed. The Church's strong control over intellectual and cultural life greatly constrained the cultural development of Europe.
During this period, European society was in turmoil, and disasters such as wars, plagues, and famines broke out frequently, leaving people to live in a bleak and bleak situation. Because of this, the Middle Ages was given the name "darkness", because during this period, all aspects of European society experienced severe stagnation and chaos, and the population lived in misery and helplessness.