Author: Xu Jie.
During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the state system was still in the formative period, and the centralized system of great unification had not yet been formed. The term "Fangguo" was first proposed by Sun Yirang in 1904 in the "Examples of Deeds".
Examples of Deed Texts + Mingyuan", written by Sun Yirang, published by Zhonghua Book Company. Written in 1904, Examples of Inscriptions was the first monograph to examine oracle bone inscriptions. Written in 1905, Nahara summarizes the results of his research on oracle bone inscriptions from a philological point of view. The book is divided into seven parts: "Original Names", "Ancient Chapters and Original Images", "Pictographic Primitive", "Ancient Chronicles", "Turning Notes and Revealing Words", "Strange Characters Sending Micro" and "Saying Texts and Supplementing Que".
The Shang Dynasty implemented the internal and external service system, and the relationship between the foreign service Fang State and the Shang Dynasty was like a separation, some submitted to the Shang Dynasty, some rebelled and sometimes left, and some had great independence, and the Shang Dynasty was often in a hostile relationship. For the Fang State that submitted to the Shang Dynasty, different levels of titles were given, including duke, marquis, earl, viscount, etc. The leaders of the independent Fang State are either kings and uncles.
The Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the sub-feudal system, and the main body of the sub-feudal was mainly the clan surnamed Ji, followed by the in-laws nobles and meritorious heroes, and again the descendants of the ancient emperors. The relationship between the different vassal states and the Western Zhou Dynasty was also different. The vassal states such as the surname Ji, in-laws, and meritorious heroes generally abide by the provisions of the feudal system and the Zhou rites, and maintain a relationship between monarchs and ministers with the Zhou Dynasty. In some remote areas, the vassal states with different surnames and the Zhou dynasty were often in a hostile or immediate, and the leaders of such vassal states were either kings and uncles.
The earliest scholar to study "princes called kings" was Wang Guowei, Wang Guowei's "Ancient Princes Called Kings" (see "Guantang Jilin") believes that "the ancient princes are called kings in the territory of the king, and there is no difference between calling the king and calling the duke", "In ancient times, the distinction between heaven and ze was not strict, and the princes had their own custom of being kings in their own countries. Wang Guowei's statement is not rigorous, and later scholars have criticized and corrected it.
Guantang Jilin is a collection of selected essays by Wang Guowei, reflecting his outstanding achievements in many aspects of scholarship, and is recognized as an immortal work in Chinese academic history.
Zhang Zhenghong revised the Wang Shuo in the article "The Ancient Princes Called the King Said" in "The King of the Zhou Dynasty: "The kings of the Zhou period were all countries with different surnames, located in remote places, and their relationship with the Zhou Dynasty was if they were separated from each other, and they were relatives and rebels, not the feudal princes of the Zhou Dynasty. ”
Wang Shiming pointed out in the article "The Titles of the Princes in the Spring and Autumn Golden Texts of the Western Zhou Dynasty" that "the kings commonly seen in the Western Zhou Dynasty Golden Texts are clearly referring to the Emperor of Zhou. However, there are also a number of cases where the Son of Heaven is not the king, and there are only more than 10 in total", "More than 10 bronzes that are not the Son of Heaven are called kings, most of them belong to the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, and some may be as late as the early Spring and Autumn Period." As for the countries to which they belong, although it is difficult to determine them one by one, there should be no suspicion that none of them were the kind of princes who were 'feudal relatives of the early Zhou Dynasty'. ”
During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the princes of the remote countries were called kings, which is also reflected in the literature. The ancient book "Bamboo Book Chronicle" contains the thirty-fifth year of Wu Yi: "King Ji of Zhou fell to the west and captured twenty Zhai kings. "Rong Zhai, that is, Rong Di. The "King of Xu Yan" recorded in the "Historical Records" and the "King Xu Ju" recorded in the "Book of Rites". The state of Xu belongs to Dongyi.
The Revision and Supplement of the Ancient Book of Bamboo Books is a book edited by Fan Xiangyong and published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House. The compilation of the "Bamboo Book Chronicle" from the ancient classics was originally compiled and edited in the original Chinese language, absorbing the academic achievements of the Qing Dynasty scholar Zhu Youzeng's "Ji Tomb Chronicle Cunzhen" and the modern scholar Wang Guowei's "Ancient Bamboo Book Chronicle Edition", and revised and supplemented.
According to Tian Jizhou's "History of Chinese Nationalities: History of the Pre-Qin Nations", the Zhou Dynasty had five major ethnic groups, namely Huaxia, Dongyi, Beidi, Xirong, and Nanban. The Huaxia people are distributed in a vast area from the Yangtze River and its south in the south, the Great Wall in the north, and the Yellow River in the middle. The Dongyi people are mainly distributed in the Huai River, Xu Si area and the Shandong Peninsula. Beidi lives in the north of the Huaxia ethnic group. Nanban is the collective name of the southern ethnic groups, and there are several systems of Jingman, Yue and Pu.
The king of the Shang Dynasty Fang Guo seen in the oracle bone inscription, how many specifically, experts have different opinions.
According to Song Zhenhao, Sun Yabing and Lin Huan's "Shang Dynasty Geography and Fang Guo" research, a total of four. "The 'certain king' in the oracle bone inscription is a country with a different surname on the border of the Yin Dynasty, with a total of four: Wang, King Ting, King of Dagger (left and right) and King of Sibi (upper left four, lower left and right). ”
According to Qi Wenxin's "On the Shang Dynasty's Title of King of the Feudal Monarch **", there are fourteen, "Only what has been found so far are the King of Sao, the King of Ting, the King of Ying, the King of Elk, Wang Gu, Wang Wo, Wang Huang, Wang He, Wang Lu, Wang Li, Wang Tongue, Wang Yu, Wang Gui, Wang Chu, etc. ”
Wang
Oracle Bone Inscription Collection 4574: Ren Wubu, Bin Zhen, Ling Xian Wang, Thirteen Months.
Oracle Collection 9375: Wang In.
Oracle Bone Inscription Collection 28053: Wang Kuo ordered the five tribes to fight the Qiang side.
The five ethnic groups are located in present-day Shandong, and it is speculated that the land may also be located in the area of present-day Shandong. The character as the name of the nation is also found in the Jin script. According to the research of "Interpretation and Theft" of Yu Shengwu's "Oracle Bone Script Interpretation of the Forest", the golden text of the character is misinterpreted as secondary, such as Cidian "Integration" 5405, Shi Ciding "Integration" 1354, Cizun "Integration" 5994, and Yaziyao "Integration" 7180.
Oracle Bone Script Interpretation is a book published by the Commercial Press in December 2010, and the author is Yu Xingwu. 
Citing Yaci Yao's "Yin Zhou Jinwen Collection" 7180, late Shang period, inscription: "Yi ** lift, Ya." "The nation may be a branch of the nation. According to Yan Zhibin's "Research on Bronze Inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty", "the land should be in the western part of Shandong, and Changqing and other places and the areas west of it may be the place where the Shang Dynasty Ju people lived." According to Chen Bingxin and Li Lifang's "Unearthed Yi Historical Materials", the Ju clan is the Dongyi clan. From this, it can be seen that the national ethnic group may be a branch of the Dongyiju tribe distributed in the area of present-day Shandong.
Listen to the king. "Oracle Collection" 9376: Listen to the king.
White 800: Listen to the king.
Oracle Bone Collection 5306: Ding Maobu, Wang Tingwei harm.
Oracle Bone Collection 5298: Zhen, Wang Hearing is worried.
Oracle Bone Collection 5313: King Zhen does not listen to .......
As can be seen from the oracle bone divination, the king can also be called the king. In this way, it may be a private name, such as Wang Hai, Wang Heng, etc., the ancestors of the Yin Shang royal family, but it cannot be ruled out as a national name. Qi Wenxin's "On the Shang Dynasty's Title of King of the Feudal Monarch **" believes that in some oracle bone inscriptions or chronicles, the title of the king is connected with the name of the country, called "Wang" or "Wang", just like the accustomed "Hou" or "Hou", "Bo" or "Bo". This kind of king obviously does not refer to the supreme king Yin, but to other kings who are slightly equal to the status of Hou and Bo.
The king of the dagger (left dagger).
Oracle Collection 18218: Zhen Yu Dagger.
Oracle Bone Collection 36956: Geng Yinbu, in (Ji Shang and Xia), King Zhen stepped in the dagger and died.
In present-day Shandong, the dagger should also be in Shandong, which may belong to the Dongyi tribe. According to "Shuo Wen Jie Zi": 隹, the general name of the short tail of the bird, is also pictographic. With birds as totem tribes, the Dongyi Shaohao tribe was at that time. The word 隹匕 may be the original character of the female character.
Saying the text and interpreting the words": female, the mother of the bird also, from the sound of the bird. From this sound, it may be a misinterpretation. The female character may stop from the dagger, stop the sound. According to Wang Li's "Chinese Phonology", the ancient sound of the female character is in the branch, and the stop character is in the part. Branches and ministries can be on leave.
According to Wang Zhaopeng's "Ancient Unearthed Literature Rhyme Department Relationship Relationship" page 7, the branch word "chicken" and the part word "Kei" can be fake, Shaanxi Qishan County Fengxiao Village unearthed the Western Zhou Dynasty oracle bone inscription h 31.2: "Only the clothes of the chicken to descend, its history of obsession, in Zhan Erbu, said: Nangong Zhiqi. Xu Zhongshu's "The First Treatise on the Oracle Bones of the Western Zhou Dynasty", Chen Quanfang's "Introduction to the Oracle Bone Inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty in Fengxiao Village, Qishan, Shaanxi" and read the chicken as the Ji, and the father of the Jiben Shang was sealed in the Ji, so it was called "Jizi". Jizi was once imprisoned because of the admonition, and King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang, relieved the cause, and returned to Hojing. The so-called "basket to descend", refers to this.
Ancient Unearthed Documents" is a book published by Zhonghua Book Company in 2021, and the author is Wang Zhaopeng. IntroductionThis book is based on Mr. Wang Hui's Dictionary of Ancient Characters and Fakes (Zhonghua Book Company, 2008), and makes a comprehensive statistical analysis of the rhyme from the Yin Shang to the Han Dynasty. 2023 Post Sprint Competition
Four-to-beat king
Oracle Bone Collection 6: Ding Youbu, Bin Zhen, and the king of the four (four on the left, lower on the left, and on the right) king.
Zhen Shu Yan ordered from the fourth to the king, June.
Oracle Collection 4603: Begging for the ......Four-to-......Tell ......Fourth.
Oracle Collection 4604: ......The next nail ......Four than the best.
Oracle Collection 8564: Chastity ......Boarding ......Four-to-......up and down) ......
Sibi "Sibi", some scholars read as "deer" or "Sibi dog", the earth may be in the northwestern part of present-day Shanxi, Sibi Wang, should be the leader of Sibi Jidi, the academic community for the oracle bone inscription recorded "a certain king" and "Wang" difference, there are different opinions, this article temporarily introduces the above four "certain king" situation.