The journey of the rise and fall of the feudal dynasty reveals the thousands of years of civil and military officials' power schemes, the ups and downs of history, and the competition of power schemes.
One of the major problems of the feudal dynasty was that if it chose to follow the Han and Tang models, such as aggressive and outward-looking, it would inevitably lead to the expansion of the border army and the division of feudal towns. The Anshi Rebellion broke out in 755 until the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty in 960, and Song Taizu released his military power with a cup of wine, completely solving the problem of separating feudal towns. The heaviness of this price led to a general shift in introverted feudal dynasties in China.
Zhao Kuangyin's "emphasis on literature over military force" is actually a separation of military and political affairs, and government affairs attach importance to civil servants, while military operations are still dominated by military generals. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, decision-makers such as Cao Bin and Pan Mei were all new stars in the army who were promoted after the release of military power with a glass of wine, and there was no problem of "emphasizing literature over military force". However, in terms of governance, it is dominated by civil servants, which is the so-called "emphasis on civil affairs over military force", with civil servants as the main source of local governance, and training professional civil officials to engage in governance and governance work.
Since the Tang Dynasty, the model of military and political separation has been changed, and the feudal dynasty has chaotic localities, feudal towns and towns, and endless wars. Even in modern times, China has adopted a philosophy similar to that of the early Song dynasty when the military and government were separated, rather than the Tang dynasty's concept of a mixed military and political system, with the military in power. This explains why from the Song Dynasty onwards there was a gradual division between civil and military, whereas before the Tang Dynasty there was no pure distinction between civil and military.
After the civil fort, the influence of the military generals can no longer control the situation, and the realization of ambitions can only depend on the civilian officials. It is conceivable that a lieutenant general of the army went to the Ministry of Defense to ask for salary, but he had to bow his head to a small section member. This is exactly what happened to Qi Jiguang, a second-class military general, but he had to compensate the small officials of the military department for a smile. During the Yongle period, the supreme governor in charge of Caoyun was called Caoyun Chief Military Officer, which was supposed to be held by military generals, but was later taken away by Wenchen and changed to Caoyun Governor. There were many examples of military generals being usurped for power, which eventually led to Wuxun becoming a tool of Wenchen.
When the Ming Dynasty fell, Li Chuang only found about one million taels of silver from the treasury, and any one of them could get hundreds of thousands of taels by raiding ** and wealthy households. Does this show royal corruption?In fact, not all emperors were losers, and they also expected their children and grandchildren to prosper. The fundamental reason for the death of the Ming Dynasty is that it is difficult to return to the accumulated power, and it is difficult to recover the power that has been usurped.
In the Ming Dynasty, the regular tax has always been one of the forty lessons, but the burden on the common people gradually increased, because the officials at all levels exploited them layer by layer, and these benefits could not be returned to the imperial court. A dynasty is never dictated by the emperor, and it is difficult for the emperor to get rid of someone reasonably and legally. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the actual power was held by the civilian bureaucracy, but the blame for the demise was attributed to the emperor, whether it is reasonable to think about it. Why do you want to suppress Wu Xun?Because Wu Xun is a force capable of subverting the status quo, they are the descendants of the subversive of the situation of the previous dynasty, and if they are the spokesmen of local interests, they will also adopt an attitude of suppression.
Compared with the Han and Tang dynasties, the Song and Ming dynasties died because of their nobility and martial arts, and were eventually reduced to foreign slavery. The imbalance between civil and military is a disaster, and the civil and military and the civil and military are equally worrisome. The inevitability of this phenomenon is mainly due to innate causes.
The founding monarch was born at the bottom, was proficient in military affairs, understood the people's feelings, and was able to balance civil and military affairs. However, most of the descendants were born in the deep palace and were nurtured by women, and when they succeeded to the throne, they were young and could hardly match the Wenchen who had been up and down for decades in terms of strategy. The selection of royal heirs is narrow, unlike elite ministers who can choose talents from all over the country. Wuxun had a wealth of experience when he founded the country, but it was difficult for him to continue training in peacetime, and he was inferior to Wenchen in the face of purely political struggles. At the beginning of almost every dynasty, the royal family and martial arts prevailed, but they were gradually seized by the civil ministers, and the intellectual asymmetry led to a situation of civil and military inferiority.
Most of the soldiers in ancient times could not be promoted to generals, and the promotion path of warriors was not smooth, and most of the generals came from noble families. This phenomenon also exists in modern times, where cadets become lieutenants directly after studying, while it is extremely difficult to be promoted from soldier to lieutenant.
The difference between soldiers and generals was very common in ancient times, and the generals were mainly from the aristocracy, while the soldiers were from commoners, slaves, and criminals. Although soldiers are sometimes promoted to generals, large-scale warfare is usually required, and there are fewer opportunities for promotion in peacetime. And even in times of war, high-ranking generals are mostly from nobles, families, or aristocratic classes. The practice of reusing the knots has performed well in terms of external effects, but due to the collapse of the government military system, the descendants have not been able to effectively inherit and maintain it, making it difficult for the present to understand the decisions of the past dynasties.
In the early years of the Song Dynasty, how to ensure that the country remained stable even when the emperor was weak and avoided rebellion in the short term became an important issue in the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty. Restoring the economy and defending against Liaojin was the main issue of guarding against the rebellion of the generals and stabilizing the country at the same time.
The Ming Dynasty was faced with the task of resolving the border troubles in the north and the Japanese rebellion in the south, so its military strength was generally stronger. The rise and fall of successive dynasties have been accompanied by the construction of the national system and the adjustment of the direction of development. The feudal dynasty did not stagnate, but underwent repeated restructuring of the state system in the rise and fall of the dynasty, so that it has today's long historical scroll.
This article profoundly examines the reasons for the rise and fall of feudal dynasties, focusing on the analysis of the thousands of years of intrigue between civilian officials and military generals. The author narrates with clear logic and detailed historical facts, and makes a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the political pattern, civil-military relations, and rise and fall of feudal dynasties.
First of all, the article conducts an in-depth study on the selection of feudal dynasties. By comparing the political orientations of the Han and Tang dynasties and the early Song Dynasty, the problems of the expansion of the border army and the division of feudal towns that may be caused by the aggressive and export-oriented ** are pointed out. This analysis gives the reader a better understanding of the choices and dilemmas of the feudal regime in the face of external challenges.
Secondly, this paper makes a dialectical analysis of Zhao Kuangyin's strategy of "emphasizing literature over military force". By explaining the separation of government and military, and the situation that civilian officials dominate governance while the military is still dominated by military generals, the rationality and limitations of this strategy in the historical period are revealed. Such in-depth excavation gives readers a deeper understanding of the operating mechanism of political power in historical periods.
The article also interprets the root causes of the fall of the Ming Dynasty. By analyzing the tax problems during the Ming Dynasty, the situation of the usurpation of imperial power, the political corruption and social unrest at the end of the Ming Dynasty are revealed. This analysis helps readers to deeply understand the evolution of the distribution of power and the internal mechanisms of the collapse of regimes in history.
Finally, the paper considers the inevitability of the power of civilian and military generals. Through the comparison between the founding monarch and the descendants, the civil officials and the military generals, and the military generals, the advantages of the civil officials over the military generals in terms of intelligence level are pointed out, and the historical inevitability of the feudal dynasty's "civil and military superiority" is explained. Such a discourse provides readers with a deep understanding of the political ecology of feudal society.
In general, this article has clear logic and sufficient arguments, and through a multi-faceted analysis of the rise and fall of feudal dynasties, readers have a more comprehensive understanding of the political, cultural, and social changes in the historical period. The author's profound insights and rich historical knowledge present readers with a vivid historical picture.
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