Since its founding, New China has always modestly regarded the Soviet Union as its "big brother," and the development of relations between the two countries has also been thriving.
However, friendship does not mean that it comes at the expense of national interests. Therefore, ** argued with reason to get back the Changchun Railway and Ludagang from Stalin.
And after seeing the proud achievements of the volunteers in Korea, Stalin also had to re-examine the "Oriental brother" around him with a level-headed eye.
Many people believe that the rupture of Sino-Soviet relations began with Khrushchev. But many people do not know that Khrushchev provided far more support to our country than Stalin. However, this person is very naïve, naïve enough to think that after providing this support to our country, we will bow down to him.
After seeing that he had not succeeded, Khrushchev began to contain our country. After Brezhnev came to power, he also took medicine according to the prescription, which made Sino-Soviet relations even more tense.
Not only that, in order to encircle our country, the Soviet Union also hammered "three" nails around our country, that is, Outer Mongolia, India and Vietnam.
So, how did the USSR collude with these three countries?
Let's talk about Outer Mongolia, or Mongolia. The USSR has been in collusion with it for the longest time.
As early as the Manchu Qing Dynasty, Tsarist Russia was salivating over the Outer Mongolia region, which was still part of China. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Tsarist Russia immediately instigated the ** elements of Outer Mongolia to declare independence.
In 1913, Yuan Shikai signed a "treaty" with Tsarist Russia, stipulating that the two countries recognized the autonomy of Outer Mongolia, and China was not allowed to send ** to Outer Mongolia to sit in the town and administer, nor was it allowed to send troops to garrison and immigrants to enter. At that time, Outer Mongolia was nominally "autonomous", but in reality it had become a puppet of Tsarist Russia.
In 1917, the Tsar fell. Although other unequal treaties were abolished, the new Soviet Union ** had a soft spot for Outer Mongolia, calling it "an independent state". It can be seen from this that Tsarist Russia was greedy in terms of territory, and Soviet Russia took it all as it was.
But even if Soviet Russia had such a statement, the unscrupulous descendants of Outer Mongolia panicked, thinking that the old master was dead, and the new master didn't want them, and their little ability couldn't handle the "independent" thing at all, so they immediately called Beiyang ** to express their submission.
After receiving this telegram, Xu Shichang, who was at that time, immediately ordered the cancellation of the autonomy of Outer Mongolia, and abolished the "Sino-Russian Declaration" and the "Sino-Russian-Mongolian Entente", and re-annexed Outer Mongolia to the land of China.
In November 1919, the "Northwest Frontier Envoy Office" of Beiyang ** was established in Kulun. At the same time, Xu Shuzheng waved his army north and stationed in Outer Mongolia.
However, the political situation in China at that time was very unstable. Just a few months later, the Beiyang ** dynasty was changed, the "big hero" Xu Shuzheng was also wanted, the Beiyang Army had to withdraw from Kulun, and Outer Mongolia fell into turmoil again.
In March 1921, two ** elements in Outer Mongolia who did not know whether they were alive or dead led the so-called "People's Party", formed an illegal **, declared independence, and launched a fierce battle with the traditional forces of the princes and nobles.
Seeing that it was not time to fight, these two scum hurried to the Soviet Union for help. In May, Soviet forces intervened in Outer Mongolia by force, and in July they occupied Kulen. In the face of bayonets, the princes of Outer Mongolia quickly changed their ways, and established a pseudo-** together with the pseudo-"People's Party".
Of course, Beiyang ** will not recognize the "independence" of Outer Mongolia, but at that time, the country was in the turbulent era of warlord warfare, and no one cared about maintaining the unity of the country. After the invasion of the devils, China, which had lost half of its country, had no time to look north. Outer Mongolia thus became a "forgotten" land.
However, whether China admits it or not, from the 1920s until the victory in World War II, Outer Mongolia was in fact a satellite state of the Soviet Union.
Therefore, at the time of the signing of the Yalta Agreement, the Soviet Union "naturally" proposed to "maintain the status quo in Outer Mongolia." In order for the Soviet Union to attack Japan as soon as possible, the United States and Britain also acquiesced in this. Chiang Kai-shek, as for did not know about it at all, because no one intended to inform him.
Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945, a few days after the Yalta Agreement was signed. The Soviet Union had no worries on the Western Front, and Stalin decided to shift his strategic focus to East Asia in order to regain Tsarist Russia's privileges in East Asia and gain a voice in East Asia in the future.
On the side of the United States, although many high-level officials did not like Roosevelt's bias towards the Soviet Union, Truman did not dare to change the policy toward the Soviet Union during the Roosevelt period, and he also wanted to further expand cooperation with the Soviet Union.
During World War II, the Kuomintang top brass was seriously corrupted, which greatly dissatisfied the United States, and decided to cut aid to it. At this time, Chiang Kai-shek was frightened, so he hurriedly sent people to the Soviet Union to negotiate about aid.
On June 30, 1945, Song Ziwen and Chiang Ching-kuo arrived in Moscow. However, it is clear that Stalin did not take these people seriously at all.
As soon as the negotiations began, the Soviet side made several major demands for privileges in China, including privileges for the Lushun, Dalian, Middle Eastern, and South Manchurian railways, as well as the formal "independence" of Outer Mongolia.
At that time, the Kuomintang army was beaten by the Japanese devils who were barely breathing, so the delegation did not have the power to fight back when faced with the extremely tough Stalin and the Soviet representatives.
Stalin even said bluntly: If you don't talk about the "independence" of Outer Mongolia, you don't talk about anything else.
The first round of negotiations was interrupted by the Potsdam Conference. During the meeting, the United States did Chiang Kai-shek a favor and told the Soviet Union not to go too far. Stalin told Truman that he hoped that after returning to the Soviet Union, he would sign a friendship agreement with the Kuomintang as soon as possible.
However, what capital did Chiang Kai-shek have to keep the Soviet Union's promises?
On August 8, the second round of negotiations began, and the Soviet side did not say anything at all, did not make any concessions to the Kuomintang, not only did not make any concessions to the "independence" of Outer Mongolia, but also forced Song Ziwen, who wanted to suppress the Soviet Union with the help of the United States, to resign. But more people think that Song Ziwen is unwilling to become "Li Hongzhang's second", that is, he is unwilling to take the blame for the loss of power and humiliation of the country.
As a result, Wang Shijie, who succeeded Song Ziwen, became a "man behind the pot", signed a "treaty of alliance" with the Soviet Union, and recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia at the same time. On October 20, 1945, in January 1946, the Kuomintang admitted this fait accompli.
This "pit" is so big that even the most talented *** is powerless to return to the sky. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Stalin had to give up the Soviet Union's privileges on the Lushun, Dalian and Changchun railways, coupled with the outstanding performance of the volunteers in Korea. But Outer Mongolia, our country is unable to take it back. This has also become a major hidden danger for the deterioration of China's geopolitical environment in the future.
Khrushchev continued the great-power chauvinism of the Soviet Union after coming to power, which eventually led to the rupture of Sino-Soviet relations. After Brezhnev got rid of Khrushchev, he continued to be the enemy of our country and deployed a million-strong army on the Sino-Mongolian border; once the war began, the Soviet army could directly pass through Inner Mongolia and approach China's Gyeonggi stronghold from Chifeng and Zhangjiakou. This has put tremendous strategic pressure on our country.
If it were not for the great talent and strategy, if it were not for the ability of the founding generals to fight well, if it were not for the soldiers of the People's Liberation Army who regarded death as home, if it were not for the unity of the Chinese people. It is not alarmist that New China repeats the mistakes of the "Northern Song Dynasty".
This strategic pressure was not lifted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Well, after talking about the "nail" of Outer Mongolia, the "nail" of the north, it is time to talk about India, the "nail" of the West.
After World War II, the Soviet Union had risen to become a world pole competing with the United States, and its strategy quickly shifted to global expansion.
At that time, the Soviet Union looked around, because its territory was too large, with the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east, and the United States across the Bering Strait. Therefore, the direction of its expansion is only to go west, to compete with the United States for Europe, and to the south for China and India.
In 1947, when Su Yu killed Zhang Lingfu at Meng Lianggu, India became independent.
The north of India is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the south is the Indian Ocean, the east is the Iranian Plateau, and the west is the Indochina Peninsula.
Therefore, neither the United States nor the Soviet Union will ignore India, but the strategies they choose are diametrically opposed.
In the early years of India's existence, the policies of the United States and Britain were vacillating and more restrictive.
When Britain left, it engaged in the partition of India and Pakistan and planted a big mine in South Asia. Many of India's current problems are deliberately left behind by the British, but the Indians seem to have chosen to "ignore" them. After the Cold War began, the United States became an ally with its sworn enemy, Pakistan. This makes India feel unhappy for the elderly.
Well, the Soviet Union saw its chance. Since the United States has pushed India over, how can it not laugh at it?
So, starting in 1951, the Soviet Union provided India with various kinds of assistance. This point in time also basically overlaps with the time when the Soviet Union provided large-scale assistance to our country. At that time, Sino-Indian relations were also good.
In 1955, Khrushchev visited India and met Nehru late. It can be said that India's current industrial and military industrial systems were established with the help of the Soviet Union.
In fact, if the Soviet Union could have changed its strategy at that time and not engaged in great power chauvin;If India can calm down and not provoke our country, there is a high probability that the three countries will be able to cooperate sincerely, and in this way, they can occupy half of the earth.
However, history has no ifs, only results.
After Khrushchev came to power, because his foundation was unstable and he urgently needed the support of our country, the intensity of assistance to our country was far greater than that of the Stalin period. But he was "naïve" to believe that by giving our country so many benefits, the Soviet Union would be able to do whatever it wanted in our country.
As a result, he hit the nail in the nail on the ***. After that, Sino-Soviet relations took a sharp turn for the worse, so Khrushchev turned to heavy aid to India.
In 1962, he seized the strategic opportunity of the "Cuban Missile Crisis" and decisively launched a self-defense counterattack against India, which brought the ambitious Indian army back to its original shape, beat Nehru to the end of depression, and cast the Indians in the psychological shadow for decades.
During the counterattack war, in order to win over India, Khrushchev provided it with a large number of arms, and the two countries became real "difficult brothers", and the relationship was so good that when Khrushchev visited India, he could feed each other with India to show affection, and he was simply half-brothers.
After the counterattack, Sino-Soviet relations still developed in the direction of a complete rupture. Soviet troops began to concentrate on the Soviet-Chinese and Mongolian borders. The Soviet Union's assistance to India has also reached a new height, in the hope that India can draw China's strategic attention from the southwest.
Although it didn't take long for Khrushchev to be ousted by Brezhnev and died in 1964. However, Brezhnev, who was as close as Khrushchev, was exactly the same as Khrushchev on the issue of India, and the intimacy of relations between the two countries continued to rise instead of decreasing.
In 1971, India signed a "cooperation treaty" with the Soviet Union, which obliged one country to assist in the defense of one country in the event of a threat or attack.
In 1973, the Arab-Israeli war was renewed, the oil ** skyrocketed, and the Soviet Union took advantage of the situation to win, making a lot of money, and after having money, more and more aid was given to India.
In the past, 70 percent of the main equipment of the Indian army was Soviet-made. Moreover, in order to continuously improve the combat effectiveness of the Indian army, the Soviet Union also exported to India at an extremely preferential price, and a large order of billions of dollars was not a problem.
Until the collapse of the Soviet Union, India was a staunch partner of the Soviet Union in South Asia. It is precisely because of this that the Indian army dares to act as a tiger, always in the southwest direction of our country, and vows to be ashamed of 1962.
However, this "nail" can be described as an uneconomical investment for the Soviet Union, because our army occupies a strategic advantage, and the Indian army, which was armed to the teeth by the Soviet-made **, did not make too many waves.
But compared with India, the "nail" of the USSR in Southeast Asia made our country a little more troubled.
Vietnam was at war from the 1950s to the 1970s, and after fighting France, it continued to fight with the United States.
Ho Chi Minh originally asked for aid from the Soviet Union, but Stalin believed that the strategic focus of the Soviet Union was in Europe, and the value of Vietnam was really not great, so Ho Chi Minh pushed Ho Chi Minh to our country.
Our country, on the other hand, did not have any utilitarian intentions and always selflessly provided tremendous assistance to North Vietnam. It can be said that the current Vietnamese and Vietnamese armies were completely supported by our country. Without the help of our country, North Vietnam would have come to our country to form exile long ago.
However, as the saying goes, "Ascend Mien, fight Mi Hatred".
When Ho Chi Minh was there, the North Vietnamese side still took into account the relationship between China and Vietnam, but after Ho Chi Minh's death, the newly appointed Le Duan did not think so.
Coinciding with the rupture of Sino-Soviet relations, the Soviet Union began to attach importance to Vietnam, with no other purpose than to pull Vietnam over and eventually form a C-shaped encirclement of China.
In 1972, in order to counter the Soviet Union, China and the United States "broke the ice", but its support for Vietnam did not weaken in the slightest, and it is still actively promoting the withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam.
But the North Vietnamese did not think so. From then on, North Vietnam began to treacherously move closer to the Soviet Union, and the two sides gradually became colluded.
In 1975, the United States withdrew its troops from Vietnam, and North Vietnam was reunified. After more than 20 years of war, Vietnam should have implemented a policy of rest and recuperation, but Le Duan instead embarked on the road of hegemonism, not only wanting to swallow Cambodia, but even fighting the idea of China's territory.
The Soviet Union was pleased to hear about this.
At that time, Vietnam had millions of troops and advanced equipment from the United States and the Soviet Union, and was known as the "fourth in the world". The Soviet Union calculated that if Vietnam could threaten our country from the south to the north, then the Soviet Union and Vietnam would be able to form a pincer offensive against our country, thus greatly deteriorating our geopolitical security situation.
Therefore, the Soviet Union had a conniving attitude towards Vietnam's foreign expansion. In order to support Vietnam, the Soviet Union also signed a "treaty of alliance" with it. With such a large backer, Vietnam has set off an anti-China upsurge at home and has constantly carried out provocations in the Sino-Vietnamese border areas.
As the old saying goes: Barbarians are afraid of power but not virtue.
In February 1979, our army launched a self-defense counterattack against Vietnam with a thunderous force, almost bulldozing North Vietnam. And in the face of the little brother who was beaten almost halfway, the Soviet Union actually "treacherously" and did not dare to care.
In this way, our country almost smashed this "nail" that the USSR nailed in the south of our country into a flat-headed rivet. At the same time, the world once again appreciated the king style of the 16-nation coalition army that once beat the 16-nation coalition army in North Korea.
In the following 10 years, our army took turns to play the field, pulling the Vietnamese army as a "whetstone", while Vietnam was stripped of endless war without tears, and became an unstoppable wound on the Soviet Union. Coupled with the deep battlefield in Afghanistan, the Soviet Union eventually collapsed in 1991.
Well, this is the story of the USSR and 3 "nails". It has wasted decades of scheming, and even hitched its own life, but it has made our country stronger and stronger.
In the final analysis, the reason for this is because we have a great party, we have industrious and brave people, and we have a people's army that has won every battle.
More importantly, we have the great spirit of perseverance, unyielding, self-improvement and self-reliance that has been inherited by the Chinese nation for thousands of years