Containers, as one of the basic equipment of modern international cargo transportation, play a vital role. With the continuous development of the world, container transportation has become one of the main ways of international development. In this article, Fuwei will introduce you to various knowledge of containers, let's take an in-depth look at containers, an important part of modern logistics!
1. Differentiation and introduction of container types
With the continuous development of container transportation, different types of containers have emerged in order to meet the needs of loading different types of goods. Let's summarize it with you today.
Classified by the materials used
According to what material is used for the main parts of the box (side wall, end wall, box top, etc.), it is called a container made of what material, and the container can be divided into three types according to the classification of materials used
1) Aluminum alloy container, the advantages are light weight, beautiful appearance, anti-corrosion, good elasticity, convenient processing, low processing cost, low repair cost, long service life;The disadvantage is high cost and poor welding performance;
2) Steel containers, the advantages are high strength, firm structure, high weldability, good water tightness, low cost;The disadvantages are large weight and poor corrosion resistance;
3) FRP container, the advantages are high strength, good rigidity, large internal volume, good heat insulation, anti-corrosion, chemical resistance, easy to clean, easy to repair;The disadvantage is that it is heavy, easy to age, and the strength of the bolt is reduced.
Classification by structure
Classification by structure containers can be divided into three categories:
1) Inner post type container and outer post type container mainly refer to aluminum alloy containers, and inner column containers refer to side columns (or end columns) located in the inverted wall or end wallOuter pillar container means that the side pillars (or end posts) are located outside the inverted wall or end wall;
2) Collapside container refers to the main components of the container (side wall, end wall and top) can be simply folded or disassembled, and can be easily combined again when reused;
3) Monocoque container, which is a steel body with all the parts, has the advantage of being light in weight and can adapt to the torque that occurs without causing permanent deformation.
Classified by purpose of use
1.Ordinary containers
Ordinary containers, also known as dry containers, are mainly used to ship general cargo, usually used to transport stationery, daily necessities, medicine, textiles, handicrafts, chemical products, Wujinjiaodian, electronic machinery, instruments and machine parts. Such containers account for 70-80% of the total number of containers. In addition to frozen goods, live animals, and plants, dry cargo containers can be used for goods that are suitable for container transportation in terms of size and weight.
2.Refrigerated containers
There are two types of reefer containers: external and internal. The temperature can be adjusted between -60 30. The built-in container can start the freezer at will during transportation to keep the container at the specified temperatureThe external type must rely on the refrigerator equipped with special container vehicles, ships, special yards, and stations to refrigerate. This type of box is suitable for transporting items such as butter, chocolate, frozen fish, condensed milk, margarine, etc., in the summer.
3.Open top containers
Open-top containers, also known as open-top containers, open-top containers (open top containers), this kind of container does not have a top, but has a canopy made of canvas, plastic cloth or plastic-coated cloth supported by a foldable top beam, and can be loaded and unloaded from the top of the box by cranes. It is suitable for loading heavy goods such as glass plates, steel products, machinery, etc.
4.Frame containers
Flat rack containers do not have a roof or sides, and are characterized by loading and unloading from the side of the container. It is mainly used for overweight cargo, but it is also convenient for loading livestock, as well as naked cargo such as steel that can be exempted from outer packaging. It can also facilitate the hoisting of large ultra-wide and ultra-high goods.
5.Livestock containers
Pen containers are metal mesh on the sides of these boxes, which are well ventilated and easy to feed. It is a special container made for the transportation of cattle, horses and other living animals.
6.Tank containers
Tank containers are also known as liquid containers. It is a special container made for the transportation of liquid goods such as food, medicine, and chemicals. The structure is to hold a liquid tank in a metal frame. An international standard tank is a stainless steel pressure vessel mounted in a fastened external frame. The tank liner is mostly made of 316 stainless steel. Most tanks are equipped with steam or electric heating, inert gas protection, pressure reducing and other optional equipment for fluid transportation and handling.
7.Platform containers
A platform container is shaped like a railway flatbed and is a container with a high load capacity floor and no superstructure. It is suitable for loading overweight and over-length goods, with a length of more than 6 meters, a width of more than 4 meters and a height of 4It is about 5 meters and can weigh up to 40 metric tons. In addition, two platform containers can be linked together to carry 80 metric tons of cargo, which is extremely convenient for transporting cars.
8.Ventilated containers
The ventilated container is equipped with 4-6 ventilation holes on the wall and the inner wall is coated with a plastic layer, which is suitable for loading fresh vegetables and fruits and other goods that are afraid of heat and stuffiness.
9.Insulated containers
The insulated container has a thermal insulation layer in the box, and there is an air inlet and outlet on the top of the box that can adjust the angle, which can use the outside air and wind direction to adjust the temperature in the box, and can not be affected by the outside temperature for a certain period of time when it is tightly closed. It is suitable for the shipment of temperature- and humidity-sensitive goods.
10.Bulk containers
Bulk containers are generally equipped with 2 or 3 small hatches at the top for loading. There is a lifting frame at the bottom, which can be raised to an inclination angle of 40° for easy unloading. This kind of box is suitable for bulk goods such as grain and cement. If you want to carry out plant quarantine, you can also smoke and wash in the box.
11.Bulk powder containers
A freeflowing bulk material container is basically the same as a bulk container, but uses a nozzle and straw for loading and unloading.
12.Hanging containers
Dress hanger containers are suitable for shipping clothing products. With the development of international **, the commodity structure is constantly changing, and there will be various types of special or multi-purpose containers in the future.
Introduction to common containers and ** (20 feet as an example).
1) Dry cargo box: box type**gp;95 yards 22g1
2) Dry cargo high container: box type **GH (HC HQ);95 yards 25g1
3) Garment on hanger: box type**ht;95 yards 22v1
4) Open top box: box type**ot;95 yards 22u1
5) Freezer: box type **rf;95 yards 22r1
6) Cold high box: box type**rh;95 yards 25r1
7) Tank tank: Tank type**tk;95 yards 22t1
8) Frame box: box type**fr;95 yards 22p1
Container identification
(1) Size and box type**
There are 4 digits in total, the first digit indicates the length of the box, the second digit indicates the height of the box, and the last two digits indicate the type of the box. According to ISO 6346:1995, it is defined as follows:
So 45G1 means a universal container that is 40 feet long and 9 feet 6 inches high with a vent hood, i.e. 40HQ.
(2) Weight and volume marking
From top to bottom are gross weight, tare weight, net weight, volume, weight in kilograms (kg) and pounds (lb) at the same time, volume in cubic meters (cu.).m.) and cubic feet (cu.).ft.) at the same time.
maximum gross weight: is the sum of tare weight + net weight, and the bridge crane load and road weight limit look at this number.
Tare weight: i.e. the weight of the empty container.
Payload or Net Weight: This is the maximum weight that the container can be carried on.
cubic capacity: The maximum loading volume of the container.
(3) Overweight marking
For overweight (total weight over 30.)48 tons) container, you can see the triangular overweight mark of "superhe**y" below.
(4) Ultra-high marking
All over 26 meters (8'6"Tall containers, the following two markings are required: aThe height mark should be affixed on both sides of the container and placed 1 from the top2m 0 on the right6m position, black on a yellow background. The mark is divided into two parts, the upper part is in meters, and the lower part is converted to imperial units, and the pictorial mark indicates the height of the cabinet 29 m (9 ft 6 in) b.On both sides of each corner piece of the top beam, a yellow and black zebra mark of no less than 300mm is pasted.
(5) International Union of Railways mark
This mark can be obtained for containers that comply with the regulations of the International Union of Railways. This sign is a necessary passage sign for the transportation of containers on European railways. The upper "IC" indicates the Union Internationale des Chemins de FER (UIC) and the lower number indicates the UIC members** (e.g. 33 - China, 42 - Japan, 80 - Germany, 81 - Austria, 87 - France). The IC mark on the box indicates that the box has applied for the UIC certification of that country. Since containers are globally available, they can be licensed for global rail transport as long as they apply for certification from any member state of the International Union of Railways.
(6) CSC safety qualification license
CSC stands for "International Convention for Safe Container". In accordance with the provisions of the Appendix to this Annex, the safety conformity licence shall be permanently fitted to a visible and indestructible part of each approved container in close proximity to other approved licences issued for official use. The licence should be written in at least English or French with the following:
(7) CCC customs clearance license
CCC is the abbreviation of "Customs Convention on Containers", which requires the contracting parties to issue customs approval plates to newly manufactured containers that meet the technical standards before they can transport goods internationally with customs seals.
(8) TCT Recognized License
The Australian Department of Basic Industries and Energy's "Container Quarantine and Inspection Procedures" appendix lists the treatment methods for bare wood parts in containers: TCT-timber component treatment. Some countries and regions are particularly sensitive to certain types of quarantine objects, especially in countries such as Australia and New Zealand in Oceania, which require a licence containing timber to prevent treatment before entering the country. The TCT principle stipulates that every container approved by the TCT should be permanently fitted with a quarantine licence, which should be installed in a conspicuous and non-indestructible location close to other official licences. The formula of the anti-epidemic treatment of the wooden floor on each container shall be listed in the "Container Quarantine and Inspection Procedures" issued by the Australian Department of Basic Industries and Energy, and be completely consistent with the content shown on the quarantine license. If the bare wood parts of the container are replaced during repair and refurbishment, the recognition will lapse.
(9) Classification society certification license
This certification shows that the container meets the container inspection specifications and related requirements of the classification society.
3. The most complete analytical diagram and abbreviation of container components
You must be familiar with the containers that appear in the port every day, but do you know the corners and corners of the containers?And do you know their English abbreviations?
This article prepares a number of ** for you, which comprehensively analyzes the various parts of the container, and also marks the English abbreviation of each component. Let's learn it!
30 Practical Container Knowledge!
1. What are the large cabinets, small cabinets, and double backs?
Large container generally refers to a 40-foot container, usually referring to 40GP and 40HQ. A 45-foot container is generally considered to be a special container.
A small container generally refers to a 20-foot container, usually 20gp.
Double backs refer to two 20-foot cabinets. For example, a trailer pulls two 20-foot cabinets at the same timeWhen the port is lifted, two 20-foot containers are lifted onto the ship at one time.
2. What is LCL?What about the whole box?
LCL (less than container load) refers to the goods of multiple shippers in a container, and the small batch of goods containing less than one FCL is LCL cargo, which is operated according to LCL-LCL.
Full container load refers to the goods of only one shipper or manufacturer in a container, and a larger batch of goods that can be filled with one or more FCL is FCL cargo, which is operated according to FCL-FCL.
3. What are the common specifications of containers?
40' High Cube(40HC): 40' long, 9'6" high;About 12192 meters long, 29 meters high, 2It is 35 meters wide and generally loads about 68cbm.
40' General Cabinet (40GP): 40' long, 8'6' high;About 12192 meters long, 26 meters high, 2It is 35 meters wide and generally loads about 58cbm.
20' General Cabinet (20GP): 20' long, 8'6" high;That's about 6096 meters long, 26 meters high, 2It is 35 meters wide and generally loads about 28cbm.
45' High Cube (45HC): 45' long, 9'6' high;About 13716 meters long, 29 meters high, 2It is 35 meters wide and generally loads about 75cbm.
4. What is the difference between a high cabinet and a general cabinet?
A tall cabinet is 1 foot taller than a general cabinet (one foot equals 30.)44cm)。Regardless of whether it is a tall cabinet or a general cabinet, the length and width are the same.
5. What is the self-weight of the box?What about heavy boxes?
Box weight: The weight of the box itself. The dead weight of 20gp is about 17 tons, 40gp dead weight of about 34 tons.
Heavy box: refers to the box with the goods, as opposed to the empty box.
6. What does an empty container or auspicious box mean?
A box that is not loaded is called an empty box. In South China, especially in Guangdong and Hong Kong, empty containers are usually called auspicious boxes, because in Cantonese, empty and fierce are the same as the same sound, unlucky, so South China is not called empty containers, called auspicious boxes. The so-called Tiji is heavy, which is to pick up the empty containers, pull them to load, and then return the loaded heavy boxes.
7. What is a heavy box?What about the heavy box?
Carrying heavy containers: refers to carrying heavy containers at the station to the manufacturer or logistics warehouse for unloading (generally referring to imports).
Heavy box: It refers to the heavy box falling back to the station (generally pointed out) after loading the goods in the manufacturer or logistics warehouse.
8. What does it mean to carry an empty box?What is a drop box?
Carrying empty containers: refers to carrying empty containers to the manufacturer or logistics warehouse for loading (usually pointing out the mouth) at the station.
Empty container: refers to the unloading of goods at the factory or logistics warehouse to the station (usually refers to import).
9. What box type does DC stand for?
DC refers to dry containers, and 20GP, 40GP, 40HQ and other cabinets are dry containers.
10. What box type does OT stand for?
OT is the abbreviation of open top, which refers to the open top cabinet, that is, the cabinet with no box roof and only a tent on the top of the box.
11. What does it mean to open the door half-open?
Half-side open containers.
12. What is the bill of lading number?
Usually the freight forwarder gives you the number of the container, which may be the number of the shipowner's bill (MBL), or the number of the freight forwarder (HBL), generally according to the name of the ship, the voyage and the bill of lading number to carry the box, that is, to pick up empty containers or heavy containers.
13. What is the container number?
Refers to the number of the container, this number is unique in the world, composed of four letters and 7 numbers, of which the first three letters are the owner of the container (shipping company or leasing company)**The fourth letter is U, the next 6 numbers are the serial number, and the last number is the check code. The box number is usually asked by the driver, because the driver only knows the box number when he goes to pick up the box, and the box number is used when customs declaration, document preparation, and warehouse receipt entry.
14. What is the lead seal number?
It refers to the number of the seal that locks the container door, and the seal is generally provided by the shipping company and needs to be purchased with money, generally 50 yuan apiece.
15. What is the meaning of export goods?
At the station, the empty container is loaded at the manufacturer or logistics warehouse, and then the customs declaration is exported.
16. What is the meaning of imported goods?
After import customs clearance, the heavy box is unloaded at the factory or designated place at the station.
17. What does empty driving mean?
It means that after the car arrives at the manufacturer or logistics warehouse, the empty container cannot be loaded for various reasons and the empty container is pulled back to the station.
18. What is the meaning of reversing?
It refers to pulling boxes from one station to another at one station, or not picking up boxes in order from top to bottom, but moving the top boxes away and picking up the boxes pressed below. This is more likely to occur when specifying a container number or during customs inspection.
19. What is a container station?
It usually refers to the place where the boxes are stacked and managed on or near the dock, and the driver generally goes to the station to carry the box. Correspondingly, there is something called the station receipt, and the transfer of containers between the station and the driver is handled by the station receipt.
20. What is the general content on the bill of lading?
The contents of the bill of lading generally include the bill of lading number, the name of the ship, the voyage, the weight of the container, the description of the goods, the number of pieces, the gross weight, the volume, the number of the container, the issuer and the signature.
21. What should I pay attention to when dispatching?
Explain to the owner whether it is exported or imported, box type, box quantity, cargo weight, location, station and whether to agree, time to the manufacturer, special requirements of the box, etc.
22. What problems should be paid attention to when writing a dispatch order?
It should be written as clearly as possible, because some drivers do not know the English alphabet at all, and the ship name, voyage, bill of lading number, station, arrival time, manufacturer's address, contact**, special requirements for boxes and special requirements for manufacturers must be written clearly. If there is an invoice letterhead, it should also be written clearly, and don't let the driver make a mistake on the letterhead. In addition, it is necessary to write down the problems that should be paid attention to, such as some goods have particularly strict requirements for cabinets, and must be explained to the driver, so as not to incur costs and cannot be explained clearly to the driver.
23. What is the equipment handover order?
When exporting the box, you must first make a single order, and then get a duplicate "Equipment Handover Order", and the driver will pick up the box, leave the station, enter the station, and return the box with this equipment handover sheet.
24. What time will the box be put at the exit box yard station?
It's usually 10 o'clock, but generally there is no one at 9 o'clock, so the dispatch must be rushed back at about 8 o'clock, because the driver has to drop off the box first.
25. What is overload?What about being overweight?
Overloading: Generally refers to the tonnage of goods loaded on the vehicle that exceeds the weight limit of the vehicle.
Overweight: Generally refers to the tonnage of the loaded goods exceeding the weight limit of the container.
26. What is packing and unpacking?
Loading is the loading of goods with empty containers on your back.
Unloading is to carry a heavy container to the manufacturer to unload.
27. What does it mean to go back and go back?
It refers to pulling the goods to and then pulling the goods back, not empty, not empty.
28. What is the demerit charge?
The "weight toll" of the high-speed toll gate refers to the toll collection according to the weight and tonnage of the vehicle.
29. What is the damage fee?
It refers to the cost incurred when the imported box is found to be damaged after unloading.
30. What is the washing fee?
It refers to the cost of washing the box due to the discovery that the box is not clean.