In March of the third year of Yuan Zhizhi (1323), Kublai Khan's great-granddaughter, the eldest princess of Lu State, Xiang Ge Raji, hosted a huge calligraphy and painting appreciation activity in the Dadu Tianqing Temple, which was called "Tianqing Temple Yaji" by later generations. At the collection, the princess presented her collection of paintings and calligraphy to those present to admire, and asked them to inscribe the works. Now, let's travel through the time and space tunnel, go back to the famous party 700 years ago, understand the real scene of the cultural life of the Yuan Dynasty, and look back at the star-chasing scene of this aristocratic female fan of the Yuan Dynasty on Confucian culture.
The princess's party was lively.
Yuan Dynasty writer and Hanlin scholar Yuan Juan wrote "The Picture of the Eldest Princess of Lu Kingdom" as a person who saw it, experienced it and heard it firsthand, providing us with a precious "live broadcast":
The content of the rally was elegant and rich, first feasting, drinking, and entertainment, and then calligraphy and painting, and the multi-ethnic literati bachelors enjoyed the cultural feast organized by the princess of the grassland.
There were 21 scholars who participated in this gathering, including Cao Yuanyong, Li Lu, Deng Wenyuan, Yuan Jue, Liu Guan, Zhao Shiyan and other scholars. These scholars have different identities and ethnic groups, showing the cultural vitality of multi-ethnic interaction in the Yuan Dynasty.
Song Huang Tingjian's self-book "Songfeng Pavilion Poems" part, now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
Among the paintings displayed in this event, Yuan Juan's records alone list 41 ancient paintings and calligraphy, such as "Huizong Fan Surface", "Zhou Fang Venus", "Huizong Emu Duck", "Huizong Peach Kernel Map", "Juran Landscape", "Zhao Chang Folding Branches", "Huizong Qionglan Palace", "Su Li River Liang Tu", "Yan Wengui Landscape" and so on.
Feng Zizhen's poem on the proposition of the eldest princess of the emperor's sister is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
Xiang Ge Raji's hobby of painting and calligraphy and her extensive collection are related to her special status and her strong interest in Confucian culture and the art of calligraphy and painting.
Brother Xiang Raji has been richly rewarded many times in his life, and his wealth is abundant, surpassing the princesses of the Yuan Dynasty. She had a strong interest in Confucian culture and was very influential in the fields of literature, art, religion, and education at that time. Her paintings cover many fields, including landscapes, flowers and birds, ink and bamboo, chariots and horses, figures, fish, insects and animals.
Later generations printed the "Imperial Sister Book" according to their collection, and sorted out a list of paintings and calligraphy collected by a number of princesses:
Zhan Ziqian's "Spring Tour" in the Sui Dynasty, Liu Gongquan's "Duren Jing" volume in the Tang Dynasty, Zhou Fang's "Jinde Xingjun's True Shape Map", Huang Tingjian's book "Songfeng Pavilion Poems" in the Song Dynasty, Li Tang's "Small Scenery of the Mountains and Rivers", Liu Songnian's "Luohan Map" Three Axes, Dong Yuan's "Wind and Rain in the Mountains and Streams", Ju Ran's "Boat Map of the Mountains and Rivers", Wang Zhenpeng's "Boya Drum and Qin Picture" in the Yuan Dynasty, Qian Xuan's "He Rat Picture", etc.
Detail of Sui Zhanziqian's "Spring Tour", now in the Palace Museum in Beijing.
Song Liu Songnian's "Arhat Picture" is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
Yuan Wang Zhenpeng (biography) "Daming Palace" part, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Female fan of Confucianism in the heirloom of poetry and books.
Xiang Ge Raji has a ten-minute love for Confucian culture, and he respects Confucius even more, and there is an inscription that records her: "Reciting the history of the scriptures in the posture of heaven and man, ordering the work to paint the portrait of the saint, and the golden book is on its left, and it is always respected."
In Chinese history, according to custom, most of the people who are keen to worship Confucius are emperors or men**, but there are also a few women, and Xiangge Raji is one of them.
Xiang Ge Raji was born in the twenty-first year of Yuan Shizu to Yuan (1284) and died in the second year of Yuan Wenzong to Shun (1331). His great-grandfather is Kublai Khan, his grandfather is Zhenjin (Yuan Chengzong ascended the throne, posthumously honored his father Zhenjin as the emperor, and the temple number is Yuzong), his father is Alama Ba Ra (Yuan Wuzong ascended the throne, posthumously honored his father as the emperor, and the temple number is Shunzong), Wuzong is his brother, Renzong is his brother, Yingzong and Wenzong are his nephews, and Wenzong is also his son-in-law.
Portrait of Kublai Khan", now in the National Palace Museum, Taipei.
When Xiang Ge Raji was 28 years old, her husband Lu Wang Xuan Abula died. As a widowed mother, she supported her 8-year-old son, Ali Jia Sriri, to inherit the throne and manage the Lu royal city. His brother and younger brother successively inherited the unification, and his nephew Wenzong Tutimur sat on the throne, so her status was very special among the royal princesses of the Yuan Dynasty, and she was once crowned as the "eldest princess of the imperial sister Lu country", "the eldest princess of the imperial sister Lu country" and "the eldest princess of the imperial aunt Lu country".
When Xiang Ge Raji was born, her father had high hopes for her fortitude and bravery, and named her "Xiang Ge Raji", which means "Lion King". However, the princess who grew up did not bend her bow and shoot eagles, but inherited her grandfather's interest in real gold and plunged headlong into the vast Confucian culture.
Zhenjin admires Confucian culture. Influenced by his grandfather and father, Xiang Ge Raji admired the beautiful style of Huaxia, and since he was a child, he "recited the history of the scriptures" and made many like-minded Confucian scholars and scribes, and had a deep relationship with Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and medicine.
In May of the 11th year of Dade (1307), Wuzong Haishan, the brother of Xiang Ge Raji, ascended the throne. Soon, a holy decree was issued, and Confucius was crowned with the title of "Dacheng Most Holy Wenxuan King", aiming to "deify the virtuous and deify the emperor".
Under the influence of her brother Haishan, Xiang Ge Raji regarded herself as a princess and the owner of a fief, and sent people to Qufu, Shandong Province on behalf of her many times from the distant grassland Lu Wangcheng to Qufu in Shandong Province to worship Confucius.
In the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province, there are inscriptions such as "Imperial Sister and Eldest Princess Lu Wang Sacrifice Confucius Temple Tablet", "Imperial Sister and Eldest Princess Incense Tablet" and "Imperial Sister and Eldest Princess Yizhi Interpretation Ceremony Tablet", etc., which describe in detail the process of the eldest princess Xiang Ge Raji participating in the sacrifice of Kong.
The Elder Princess's Incense Tablet". (A compilation of rubbings of Chinese stone carvings in the collection of Beijing Library).
Xiang Ge Raji praised Confucius's edification. According to the inscription, Princess Xiangge Raji said, "The first saint made a word, and the light will last forever;."Ming Jun is heavy, and he is a hundred kings. The court of poetry and ceremonies is in my Tangmu city. Don't wait to hear the gold, stone, silk and bamboo and respect, cover will be ashamed to recommend sincerity", so in September of the first year of the Great Dynasty (1308), send people to the Lin Temple (that is, Shandong Qufu Confucius Forest, Confucius Temple) to make wine, choose a day to sacrifice Confucius. He also issued an edict to keep the temple clean and not to be desecrated, and to prohibit the encroachment on the forests and land of the descendants of the Kong family.
In December of the first year (1308), Princess Xiangge Raji once again sent people to the Lin Temple to pay tribute to Confucius, "to wish the saint the life of the boundless, to praise the eldest princess and the blessing of the king of Lu".
In March of the fourth year of Taiding (1327), Princess Xiangge Raji sent people to "pay tribute to the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province".
The dynasty that gave Confucius the highest title.
Advocating Swen, the gift of golden silk, the recommendation of sacrifice, and the frequent years to come", Princess Xiang Ge Raji greatly respected the Confucian figures represented by Confucius. In the second year of Taiding (1325), she successively presided over the new Confucianism in Quanning Road, Yingchang Road and other places, and set up two monuments of "Yingchang Road New Confucianism" and "Quanning Road New Confucianism" to remember her events, bringing a fresh and elegant atmosphere of respecting teachers and valuing education to Saiwai.
In the Yuan Dynasty, academies were widely established to promote Confucian culture. On the holy decree of Wuzong Haishan to seal Confucius as "the most holy Wenxuan King of Dacheng", he spoke highly of Confucius: "Those who are saints before Confucius are not enlightened by Confucius;Those who are saints after Confucius have no way to do it without Confucius. The so-called ancestor Shu Yao Shun, the charter of civil and military, the etiquette of the hundred kings, the teacher of the eternal world. ......The relationship between father and son, the righteousness of kings and ministers, and the respect of eternal saints. ”
According to statistics, 282 new academies were built in the Yuan Dynasty, and 124 academies were restored in the Song Dynasty and before, bringing the total number of academies to 406. Zhu Yizun of the Qing Dynasty mentioned in "Old News Under the Sun": "The establishment of the academy is not prosperous in the Yuan, and the mountain is set up to be the master, and the food is nourished by the food, several times in the world." The Confucian doctrine of "harmony" and "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith" is conducive to maintaining the political situation of unity and unity, consolidating the multi-ethnic and integrated big family, and enriching the spirit of the Chinese nation.
Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan dynasty, was given the nickname of "the great master of Confucianism" by the literati at that time because of his respect for Confucian culture. The emperors of the Yuan Dynasty respected Confucianism and revered Confucius, not only learned Confucian culture, but also took it as the basic content of their ruling policies, restored the imperial examination and the system of scriptures, set up the national superintendent, established the national school superintendent, set up Kuizhang Pavilion and awarded the scriptures to teach the scriptures to the Mongolian children, and advocated the scholars of all ethnic groups to learn Chinese culture.
With his prominent position and power, Xiang Ge Raji learned Confucian culture and sent people to Qufu to worship ConfuciusHe made friends with and promoted a large number of literati and bachelors, collected a large number of calligraphy and painting works, and convened literary and artistic people to hold elegant gatherings, making tangible contributions to Chinese culture. (The author is a professor and master's supervisor of the Institute of Chinese Ethnic Community at Dalian University for Nationalities) (end).