Regardless of the rise and fall of the Yingchuan Chen family, the impact of the "Nine Grades of Officials Law" on history is both profound and huge.
In 220 AD, Cao Pi adopted Chen Qun's initiative: to elect officials based on "character". Each state and county designates a "Zhongzheng", who is responsible for the evaluation of local people's goods, and under normal circumstances, the state has a large central official, and the county has a small central official, and the incumbent *** recommended by Situ is concurrently.
The Zhongzheng official evaluates the scholars of the same nationality in three steps: the first step is to grasp the "family history" in detail, that is, the family background and background of the scholars, mainly including the qualifications of their fathers and grandparents, the status of the eunuchs, the level of the title, and other materials, and organize them into a book or book;The second step is the general commentator's "line", which is equivalent to the summary of character and ability, which is generally very concise, such as "talented and incompetent", "virtuous and talented", and so onThe third step is to formally "set the product", and divide the local scholars into nine grades: upper, upper, upper, upper, middle, lower, and lower. Then the scholar list was submitted to the Situ Mansion for review and approval, and then sent to the Ministry of Officials as the basis for the selection of officials.
Under the nine-product Zhongzheng system, character is closely linked to official career, and the official character starts four levels lower than the character, and the end point is the same as the character. If the "character" of a scholar is positioned as the second level of the middle school, then the first position he holds is the sixth grade, and if the ups and downs of the sea are smooth, he can be a second-grade member at the highest. If the "character" is positioned at the eighth and ninth levels, then the starting point is very low, and the official position will not be included in the formal bureaucratic system. The "character" of the Jiupin Guanren Law is by no means a personal quality in the modern Chinese understanding, but the upper limit of a scholar's lifelong achievement.
In principle, the product is based on the line, the family history is only for reference, and the general adjustment is made every three years according to the rules of the character list. However, the central official gathers once a month to discuss, and it can also be determined or promoted with the ** or the rank of the person, after the rank is raised, the official character and the turbidity of the official often change, and in order to improve the authority of the central official, ** also prohibits the rated person from suing in vain, there is no place to redress the grievances, there is nowhere to complain, there is no way out except to please the central official.
In this way, there must be only one result in the practical operation of the Jiupin Official LawThere is no cold door in the upper grade, and there is no powerful family in the lower grade. Family background determines character, and no matter how high the comments of those from poor families are, they can only be set at the lower grade;Those who come from wealthy families can also be ranked in the top class if they are not in good shape. The upper is the product of the saint, and the general vacancy is not placed, and the person who acts as the middle is generally the second grade of the upper middle school, and the second grade has the right to participate in the promotion of the middle school, and almost all of the people who obtain the second grade are the family of the world, so the family of the world completely controls the right to select officials.
Chen and Chen Xiang attacked each other, and the Jiupin Official Law reached the later stage, and the Zhongzheng review paid more and more attention to the names of the distant ancestors of scholars, and only needed to check the pedigree to distinguish the lineage and surname, and the Zhongzheng character became an insignificant routine. Genealogy has become the main basis for the selection of officials, everyone envies the Gaomen, yearns for the scholars, and the genealogy has become a tool for the Gaomen scholars to show off their origins and the Hanmen Shu to tamper with their origins, which has contributed to the great prosperity of genealogical works.
The clan took advantage of the clan kinship and clan ideology to encircle the clan and organize the clan armed forces to spread all over the country, coupled with the harsh labor in the troubled times, a large number of clansmen and peasants had no choice but to defect to the big landlords of the same clan and turn into "private subordinates" for their enslavement and exploitation, and the genealogy naturally became an ideological tool for maintaining the situation. In order to meet the needs of the situation, the government of the two Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties set up a "genealogy bureau", and ordered a full-time family tree to be repaired, which was kept in the government at all levels as an important document. Jia Bi, a contemporary of the times, searched for the genealogy of the family of the world, and with the support of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he wrote the "Hundred Family Trees", a total of 100 tons, 712 volumes, including 18 states, 116 counties, the most well-known.
The unity of the fate of the family laid the general tone for the Mendi society that rose and fell together in the Middle Ages.
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