Architectural Society of China 1The four charters for the development of the conservation of historic buildings (Athens Charter), (Venice Charter), (Nabilo Proposal), (Washington Charter). 2.(Open Block) was proposed by Kristeran Bauzenbach. 3.In 2016, the "** Several Opinions" clarified the road layout concept (narrow road, dense road network) and the requirements for not building closed communities; The 2016 Background City Master Plan identified (small blocks) as a community goal; The 2018 Urban Residential Area Planning and Design Standards further clarify the requirements for open blocks and road network density. 4.(Bonding rate) refers to the ratio of the interface length of the building to the building control line and the length of the building control line. 5.(Street Interface Density) is the ratio of the width of the projected surface along the street at the building interface on one side of the street to the length of the street. 6.(Near-line rate) characterizes the degree to which the street interface is close to or away from the street boundary7Shanghai Rock Bund Yuan No. 6 (Meifeng Building) is a high-rise commercial office building completed by British architect (David Chipperfield) based on conservation and renewal design. 8.On April 28, 2023, the 10th Liang Sicheng Architecture Award Ceremony and the Winners' Academic Report were held in the lecture hall of the Palace Museum in Beijing. Japanese architects (Arata Isozaki) and Chinese architects (Li Xinggang) won the 10th Liang Sicheng Architecture Award, and Chinese architects (Zhang Li) and (Hu Yue) won the 11th Liang Sicheng Architecture Award. 
9.Based on China's national conditions and with reference to international practices, it can be divided into three categories: (elderly housing), (community pension utilization facilities), and (community pension residential facilities) according to the pension mode and service form. In urban community pension buildings, the medical care activities of the elderly mainly revolve around (activity space), (living space), (medical space) and (space).
10.According to the similarities and differences in the nature of their use, urban public cultural buildings can be divided into five types: (performance), (exhibition), (culture and education), (scientific research), and (mixed).
11.In 2013, Li Xinggang first proposed the keyword ("geometry of scenic scenery") at a micro-exhibition at the Columbia University Architecture Center in Fangjia Hutong, and then carried out an on-site experimental construction in an architectural installation in Nanjing ("Instant Peach Blossom Spring").
12.Countries around the world promote evaluation standards such as green buildings, healthy buildings and sustainable buildings, aiming to harmonize the relationship between (people), (architecture) and (nature).
13.China's green building evaluation standard is ("ESGB"). The 2019 edition (ESGB) defines green buildings as high-quality buildings that conserve resources, protect the environment, reduce pollution, provide people with healthy, applicable and efficient use of space, and maximize the harmonious coexistence of man and nature.
14.(Fifth façade) is derived from architecture and refers to the façade of a building in addition to the four enclosed entities. The two main issues related to the fifth façade are: first, the composite utilization of the fifth façade in the context of urban renewal, and second, the ecological value of the city's first five facades under the guidance of the "double carbon" goal.
15.On January 5, 2023, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment officially issued the "14th Five-Year Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution", which is deeply implemented in the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China"important thoughts.
16.Density concepts in the field of architecture and urban and rural planning include:"(Physical density)."physicaldensity and perceiveddensity. Physical density is an objective evaluation of the density of a building, which is manifested in indicators such as floor area ratio and building coverage, while perceived density is a subjective evaluation or psychological feeling of the density.
17.The infrastructure of the Yanqing Games of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics includes five categories: (transportation), (water supply and drainage), (energy**) post and telecommunications), and (environmental protection and sanitation).
18.Large-scale sports buildings are the carriers of events, urban images and technical displays, and have been called "the core of urban architecture and the contemporary urban cathedral" by Adoross.
19.Artificial intelligence application technologies such as ChatGPT, Midjourney, and Stabie Diffusion released in 2022 have attracted much attention, and various industries have also set off a hot lake to enter the A field. These generative AIs belong to the category of Artificial Intelligence Generated Content Technology (AIGC technology). This technology was released back in 2012 by Alex Krizhewski, and at that time the model was called AlexNet, which could identify objects in images and classify them correctly.
20.Charles Jenks was the originator of the term "postmodernism" in architecture and the first person to work to promote it.
21.Teacher Wang Yi proposed that from the perspective of formation mechanism, spatial scale and role, the typical public space of contemporary Chinese cities can be divided into at least three levels: one is the new urban area (city) built in the area, the second is the large-scale urban development project, and the third is the community-based public space that is most closely related to daily life.
22.(Cai Yongjie) proposed a series of new city renewal studies on the core area of Lujiazui with "urban encryption as the main means and the purpose of improving the quality of public space".
23.Wang Shu believes that the natural construction system of the ancients has the following three characteristics: (consciously choosing natural materials), (destroying nature as little as possible), and (recycling materials).
24.In the context of a 15-minute city, a trip consists of three parts: the activities that arrive at the destination, the activities that can be done during the trip, and the enjoyment of the trip itself.
25.(Caoyang New Village) is the first workers' new village in New China built in 1951, "which is the prototype of 15-minute community life"。26.In 2020, the "15-Minute City" initiative, which aims to serve the "return to the local lifestyle", aims to provide citizens with urban services that can meet most of their daily needs within the reach of people.
27.By 2035, China's urbanization will reach more than 75%, and more than 60% of the country's population will be concentrated in seven urbanized regions, including the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Beijing-Tianjin-Wing. The evolution of cities shows four development clues of "morphological representation and internal drive". The four clues are: (plane layout form), (spatial landscape form), (vertical development form), (three-dimensional development form).
28.The three motivations for the development of three-dimensional cities are: (the use of terrain); (response to climatic conditions) (transportation, land use, and sustainability measures in the context of high-density demand).
29.(Urban design) is considered an important part of architecture and urban planning. The world's attention to modern urban design research began in 1956 (Harvard University) held the first International Urban Design Symposium, and urban design research in China emerged in the mid-90s of the 20th century.
30.The planning concept of "urban dual repair" was originally proposed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development to solve Sanya's urban diseases, mainly including ("ecological restoration") and ("urban repair").
31.Sociology, the phenomenon of poor spatial quality and chaotic spatial order is defined as (urban spatial disorder).
32.According to different spatial relationships, universities are usually divided into three basic types: (university town), (urban type), and (suburban type).
33.The theme of the 2023 Venice Architecture Biennale is (Future Lab); The theme of the 2021 Venice Architecture Biennale is (How We Will Live Together); The theme of the first Venice Architecture Biennale in 1980 was (Past Presentations). 34.The theme of the China Pavilion at the Venice Biennale 2023 is "Renewal, Symbiosis", focusing on the issue of sustainable urban and rural development that is of general concern to the world, and presenting the solutions and future visions of contemporary China's urban and rural development with representative cases and cutting-edge explorations of China's urban and rural renewal in recent years.
35.The winner of the 2023 Pritzker Prize is the United Kingdom (David Chipperfield), and the Pritzker Prize is for himCommentsIt is based on the architect's own deep and continuous understanding of the discipline, and his response to the goals he pursues in architecture is cautious, meticulous, precise and calm. These responses were never self-centered, nor were they art for art's sake, but instead he was always concerned with longer-term goals, the relentless pursuit of civic and public interests. Representative works: Henry River and Rowing Museum on the Thames, UK, Des Moines Public Library, Iowa, USA, Marl Museum of Modern Literature, Germany, West Bund Art Museum, Shanghai, Liangzhu Museum, Hangzhou.
36.The 2023 World Congress of Architects invites architects from around the world to gather in Copenhagen from 2 to 6 July to explore and exchange ideas on how architecture impacts the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For more than two years, Science Track and its International Scientific Committee have been analyzing how buildings respond to SDGs. This work has resulted in six scientific themes: (Design for Climate Adaptation), (Design for Reflective Resources), (Design for Resilient Communities), (Design for Health), (Design for Inclusion), and (Design for Partnerships for Change).
37.In May 2023, the 27th Annual Conference of Chinese Residential Architecture, with the theme of (Protection and Development of Residential Buildings in the Context of Rural Revitalization).
38.In August 2023, the theme of the conference (5th Healthy Building Conference) will be "Healthy Buildings and Healthy Communities Help Build Good Houses and Good Communities in the New Era".
39.In September 2023, the theme of the Academic Annual Conference of the Architectural Society of China is "People's Feelings, Responsibility of the Times", focusing on the hot spots and difficulties of the development of the industry, with the goal of academic, forward-looking, innovative and instructive, focusing on the most cutting-edge academic ideas, scientific and technological achievements and social hot issues in the construction and related industries, and leading the new direction of the development of architectural culture.
40.In October 2023, the theme of the 22nd Annual Academic Conference of the China National Architecture Research Association is ("Chinese National Architecture under the Exchange and Integration"), where experts and scholars, university teachers and students, and representatives of traditional architecture and national architecture related disciplines will gather together to exchange and share the latest academic theories, innovative technologies and practical achievements of Chinese national architecture under the exchange and exchange of research.
41.In October 2023, the theme of the 4th International Symposium on Built Heritage was "Control and Innovation: Regeneration of the Historical Environment in Urban-Rural Evolution, and Urban Space Development Pays More Attention to Incremental Structural Adjustment and Quality Improvement of Stock". The thinking and action of protection and regeneration are also quietly changing, and the concept of protection and development advocated by the national high-level ("keeping the right and not the old, respecting the ancient and not the retro") has begun to gradually enter the hearts of the people.
42.In October 2023, the theme of the 20th China Urban Planning Discipline Development Forum will focus on the core issues, frontier fields, innovative ideas and future directions of the development of urban and rural planning discipline in the new era in the critical period of discipline transformation.
43.In October 2023, the annual meeting and academic seminar of the Architectural History Branch of the Architectural Society of China emphasized that in the current period of opportunity when historical and cultural heritage has received unprecedented attention, it is necessary to seize the favorable opportunity of the implementation of the strategy of "cultural power" and the transformation of urban development. Rural Revitalization and Cultural Heritage"), protection and utilization of historical and cultural blocks). Make full use of the role of the Architectural History Branch as a platform to gather academic strength and promote academic exchanges, focus on academic frontiers, innovate and diversify cooperation, and expand social influence.
44.In October 2023, the theme of the Urban Spatial Analysis Forum and the 8th Chinese Symposium on Spatial Syntax is "Urban Spatial Analysis and Design in the Age of Stock"). During the conference, experts and scholars in the field of space syntax conducted academic exchanges and discussions on topics such as the expansion and innovation of space syntax theory and methods, the empirical research and application of space syntax for urban renewal, and the space digital innovation of heritage protection and rural revitalization.
Short answer questions on current affairs
Why Preserve Historic Buildings?
Old Buildings) Historic Buildings: The so-called architectural heritage is not the same as the "specimen" heritage buildings, nor does it include all old buildings. In a general sense, it refers to a historical building with a certain comprehensive value.
The values of historical buildings are: (1) emotional value: novelty, identity, historical continuity, symbolism (2) cultural value: historical, documentary, archaeological, architectural, aesthetic, anthropological, scientific and technological, landscape and ecological (3) use value: functional, economic, social.
We should protect and preserve historical information and all its values in a true and comprehensive manner.
Conservation is not about stopping evolution, it's about managing change. Conservation is not only to pass on the wisdom of historical housing selection and livability, but also to provide a historical dimension and creative roots for today's design ideas. Violet Leduc asserted"Not to preserve but to rebuild"。in the Western context"Reinvent"Generalized derivation"Regeneration"。Regeneration refers to -"Fill in the gaps, and the whole gestalt; Resurrection from the dead, rejuvenation; The old and the new coexist, harmonious and different"。
Four charters that address the development of historic building preservation.
1.Athens Charter
The meaning and basic principles of protection are pointed out:
1) Ancient buildings with historical value should be properly preserved and should not be destroyed.
2) Under all possible conditions (without increasing the traffic burden and hindering the organic development of the city), trunk roads should avoid passing through the ancient construction area.
2.Venice Charter
The Venice Charter, also known as the International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments, expands the concept of cultural relics from individual heritage buildings to historic sites, and gradually expands to the protection of historic districts, namely"This includes not only individual buildings, but also urban or rural environments from which to be able to identify a unique civilization, a meaningful development, or a witness to a historical event"。The charter stipulates the protection of the entire heritage building: from the plan and façade to the interior decoration, carving, and painting, emphasizing the preservation of all historical information and the preservation of superimpositions of various eras. When repairing, the added part must be in harmony with the whole, but it must be clearly different from the original part.
3.The Nabilo Recommendation
The Recommendation expands the scope of protection, namely:"Identifying, protecting, preserving, repairing, regenerating, preserving and revitalizing historic or traditional areas and environments"。It makes 5 points:
1) The historical environment is a part of the environment of human daily life.
2) The historical environment is a manifestation of the existence of the past.
3) Historical circumstances bring diversity to our lives.
4) The historical environment can convey the richness and diversity of culture, religion and social activities to future generations in the most accurate and truthful way.
5) The protection and preservation of the unity of the historical environment and modern life is the basic requirement of urban planning.
4.Washington Charter
With regard to the preservation of historic areas, the document points out the following five points:
1) The pattern and spatial form of the lot and street.
2) The spatial relationship between buildings, greenery and open space.
3) The interior and exterior appearance of the historic building, including massing, form, style, material, color and decoration, etc.
4) The relationship between the location and the surrounding environment, including the relationship between natural and artificial environments.
5) The historical significance of the lot.
The document also proposes to maintain the vitality of the historic city, adapt it to the needs of modern life, and address the issues of conservation and modern life"Ways to promote the harmony of private and social life in the region are to be sought. No matter how small, these cultural heritages are the memory of humanity"。
Building Renovation and Urban Renewal
In the context of Chinese-style modernization, it is of great practical significance to promote the effective connection between urban renewal and urban consolidation to achieve high-quality development of urban construction and optimize the rational allocation of stock resources. As urban construction enters the stage of shifting from increment to stock, gradual micro-renewal has become the main mode of urban renewal and transformation. Based on public participation, the local renewal method of micro community space and public space facilities has become a new way to stimulate urban vitality and improve the quality of urban public space.
Research on the built environment and heritage conservation
Built heritage is a cultural heritage formed through construction activities, including architectural heritage, settlement heritage and cultural landscapes. The protection of built heritage is an interdisciplinary field, which includes not only the professional knowledge of architecture, planning, structure, materials, surveying and other fields in engineering, but also the archaeology, cultural museums, sociology, anthropology and other related knowledge of the liberal arts. It is not only an independent field of expertise, but also provides a historical dimension and creative roots for the design intention. Built heritage is an important material relic of the city's cultural heritage, and it also has the potential to become a landmark business card of the city, which can be revitalized and revitalized, and promote the development of the surrounding area.
Architectural design paradigm in the digital age
Digital technology has led to a great change in the thinking and methods of modern architectural design, and architects can gain new horizons through algorithm design and digital construction technology. In addition, the birth of various computer-aided software has brought earth-shaking changes in improving work efficiency and accuracy, reducing project costs, architectural drawings, and design results. Therefore, digital technology should be fully integrated and applied in future architectural design, so that high-end manufacturing buildings, big data and artificial intelligence can be combined to lead the construction industry to a new height.
The value of design brought by digitalization:
1.Agility that brings operation and interaction.
2.Site Analysis**.
3.Space and façade under the influence of digital technology.
4.The inspiration of computer software for the concept of thinking.
5.Advantages of digital assistance in drawing.
6.The optimization function of digital technology for building concepts.
7.Digital construction, detailed construction.
8.The evolution of architectural forms under the influence of digital technology.
Research background of urban micro-renewal theory
1) China's urbanization path has shifted from incremental expansion to stock development.
strictly control the scale of urban and rural construction land; strictly control the disorderly expansion of new urban areas; Gradually reduce the scale of new construction land; focus on revitalizing the stock of construction land; increase the flow of construction land in an orderly manner; Improve the efficiency of construction land use.
2) Re-understanding and excavation of urban stock space and land value.
The urban stock space has become an important factor to enhance the vitality and connotation of the city, and the existing spatial characteristics, natural ecological landscapes, and cultural and historical resources should be excavated to stimulate the vitality of the city.
3) Urban micro-renewal is an inevitable trend in the transformation of urban development model.
The micro-renewal theory realizes urban renewal and development in a small-scale and gradual way, which has a certain guiding and promoting role in China's urban renewal planning, which is also the inherent demand and inevitable trend of old urban areas in the transition and development period.
Urban micro-renewal mode
1) Development-update mode.
Mainly aimed at the urban decline area with dilapidated living environment, poor construction quality and low living standard, the area is dominated by local residents, but due to the serious population loss and obvious aging characteristics, the degree of social integration tends to degenerate. In view of the lack of public space and infrastructure, small-scale development and small-scale new construction are carried out according to the requirements of urban development and the demands of the population, so as to meet the requirements of urban development, people's needs for functions and quality of life, and bring sustainable development power to the declining areas, so that the city can be regenerated and continued.
2) Refactoring-transformation mode.
Mainly for the area with an earlier structure in the city, the area is dominated by aborigines, maintaining the original way of life, and the degree of social integration is high, but the living environment is poor, the urban function is insufficient, the pressure of land use is increasing, and the urban structure needs to be more perfect, and the elements have to be adjusted and transformed according to the needs of the function and the requirements of the times. The elements that need to be protected and inherited are retained, and the elements that do not meet the development of the times and do not meet the functional requirements are adjusted and transformed on a small scale, so as to achieve the purpose of a clear urban pattern, rich functional levels and clear visual levels.
3) Weaving-strengthening mode.
Large-scale urban renewal has changed the land, space and economic structure of some regions, which has not only brought social and economic benefits, but also impacted the social network, making social integration tend to be differentiated. However, the interior of the space is relatively comprehensive, and the urban context and historical pattern have extremely important value, which needs to be protected and inherited. Therefore, under the general direction of protection and inheritance, through the precise weaving and repair of street facades, colors and other elements, it can meet the latest needs of modern people and realize the improvement of urban space environment and quality of life.
4) Protection-remediation model.
It is mainly aimed at the modern characteristic areas with high spatial environment quality, complete public facilities, rich population composition and complete social network. From the perspective of spatial shaping, all parts are complete, orderly and interconnected, and the elements such as colors, patterns, and logos are sufficient to express the characteristics of the city, which is the content that needs to be protected and focused on in the process of urban renewal. From the perspective of the development of the times, urban renewal is a continuous process, and in the face of the emerging problems of urban quality and connotation, it is necessary to select the corresponding constituent elements for targeted rectification to meet the requirements of urban development and improve the quality and connotation of the urban environment.
Problems with rural architectural practices
1) Emphasizing technical and ignoring social issues, and lack of understanding of social issues lead to many deficiencies in design theory and practice.
2) The designer ignored the rural social environment and the needs of the villagers, and failed to mobilize the main initiative of the villagers in the design.
3) Ignoring the unique living environment of the countryside, ignoring the regionality of the countryside, and mechanically applying the way of urban planning to the countryside, forming a situation of "one side of a thousand villages".
4) The countryside is over-symbolized, without in-depth study of the spiritual connotation and cultural heritage of the countryside, and the countryside is decorated with simple patterns or copied rural utensils, which appears monotonous, boring, and lacks real local flavor.
Industrialization of construction production and prefabricated buildings
First, the basic concept of building industrialization
Construction industrialization refers to the process of replacing the traditional and scattered handicraft production mode with modern industrial production methods and management methods to build houses, so that they can be gradually transformed into socialized large-scale production using modern machinery and equipment. Its basic content is the standardization of design based on modular-digital coordination, the industrialization of the production of structural parts, the mechanization of construction operations and the scientific organization and management. It requires the application of the best methods and advanced technologies that can be applied to the whole process of research, design, manufacturing and construction. The purpose is to combine the aesthetic value and use function with the saving of materials, production technology and installation methods, so as to make full use of time and space, and achieve the effect of improving labor productivity, shortening the construction period, reducing costs, ensuring quality and improving functions.
Second, the basic concept of prefabricated buildings
Prefabricated building refers to the prefabricated components of the construction site that are completely produced by the factory in advance, and realizes the new construction mode with standardized design, factory production, prefabricated construction, integrated decoration, information management, and intelligent application as the main characteristics, energy saving, water saving, material saving, time saving, labor saving, and can greatly reduce construction waste and dust, and achieve environmental protection purposes.
Third, the advantages of prefabricated buildings
1) It can greatly improve the quality of the building, and the prefabricated building is not a simple process change - the cast-in-place becomes prefabricated, but the change of the building system and operation mode, which has a promoting effect on the improvement of building quality.
2) The prefabricated structure building can improve the operation efficiency is an intensive production mode, and the component production can realize mechanization, automation and intelligence, and greatly improve the production efficiency. Moreover, the factory working environment is superior to that of the site. (3) Effectively save materials, reduce the consumption of mold materials, and reduce the leveling layer and plastering layer. Intensive decoration will save a lot of materials.
4) Energy-saving, emission-reduction, and environmentally friendly prefabricated buildings can save up to 20% of raw materials, which will naturally reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Reduce construction waste, reduce dust, and reduce construction noise pollution.
5) Save labor and improve labor conditions, high prefabrication rate, high degree of automation and simple installation node engineering, can save more than 50% of labor. Prefabricated buildings can use more equipment and tools, and the labor intensity of workers is greatly reduced.
6) shorten the construction period, the shortening of the construction period of prefabricated buildings is related to the prefabrication rate, and the prefabrication rate is high, and the shortening of the construction period is moreThe prefabrication rate is low, the amount of cast-in-place is large, and the shortening of the construction period is less. In the northern region, the total construction period can be greatly shortened by using winter production components.
7) And it is conducive to the safety of the site operators greatly reduced, high-altitude, high-altitude and scaffolding operations greatly reduced.
8) It is not affected by the adverse effects of winter construction, and the prefabricated building can be partially enclosed and insulated at the component joint, and the superimposed floor slab can be covered with a warm quilt when cast-in-situ, and a folding temporary greenhouse can also be erected. The cost of winter construction is much lower than that of cast-in-place buildings.
Healthy Buildings & Healthy Communities
The architecture and environment in the new era should not only meet the practical needs of the people, but also meet the long-term needs of sustainability, and have the characteristics of durability, low carbon and energy saving, wisdom and convenience, health and comfort. Healthy buildings and healthy communities meet the development needs of the industry, strengthen the policy guidance of healthy buildings, pay attention to the design and research of healthy buildings, promote the utilization of healthy building technology and the sustainable development of healthy buildings, and establish a more people-oriented and perceptible index system, which is directly related to the interests and well-being of the people.
Age-friendly and age-friendly buildings
At present, the aging rate of China's population far exceeds the speed of economic development, resulting in the aging of China before getting rich and preparing for the elderly, and the severe situation of aging in the old urban communities is manifested as the urgent need to solve the problem of community pension. As an emerging elderly care community, the all-age community not only considers the physical function of the elderly, but also pays more attention to the mental health of the elderly on the basis of adhering to active aging. Compared with ordinary communities, all-age communities are oriented to people of all ages, and pay more attention to intergenerational integration, so that the elderly can live in place and feel the continuous vitality of the community at the same time.
Smart Cities & Smart Buildings
With the rapid development of construction-related industries and related disciplines, especially the continuous development of big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, interactive technology, virtual and augmented reality technology, digital architectural design and digital construction are always seeking to combine with these emerging objects and lead the construction industry to expand in a new direction. Smart city is the use of artificial intelligence, modern communications, Internet of Things, remote sensing and geographic information system and other technologies to improve the quality of urban life, operational efficiency and service level, it is more and more valued by the society.
Based on the current situation of environmental resources, sustainable building thinking
The concept of sustainable architecture is to reduce the environmental load, be in harmony with the environment, and contribute to the health of the occupants. In the whole life cycle process from planning, design, construction, occupancy to transformation, reduce environmental load, develop a circular economy model, and create a healthy and comfortable living environment. To achieve sustainable architecture, it is necessary to reflect the state and focus of different regions, and different models need to be built according to the characteristics of different regions.
High-density communities and resilient cities
China's urbanization and economic development are rapid, and more and more people are pouring into China's large and mega cities. In order to solve the problem of housing difficulties for urban population, the construction of high-density housing has risen rapidly in China. High density has become an inevitable trend in the process of urbanization. Faced with the historical opportunities of urbanization and the arduous challenges under the test of the post-epidemic, the transformation and upgrading of the post-construction industry, and the high-quality development of resilient cities and healthy buildings are imminent. One person cheers for the graduate school entrance examination