(Continued from Part I).
Fifth, this empirical equation does not have the "universality" of scientific laws, and has a certain scope of application when applied.
As an artificially given, rough, empirical formula, it is difficult to be universal, and it should have a certain scope of application.
First of all, it is generally not applicable to physical problems in the category of work done by objects under force. Because, first of all, it is limited to a system that is not affected by external forces, why?Because it can't deal with the related problems of force, work, acceleration, etc., and it can't be related to these related physical quantities, it can only use the equation to roughly deal with some specific problems after knowing the mass and velocity of the objects in the system.
For example, if a person pushes a small car, in the process of pushing the cart, the speed of the person and the cart is zero at the beginning, so the total momentum is of course zeroThen, the speed of the man and the car gradually increases, and in the process, the total momentum is also uncertainIn the end, when the work is completed, the person and the car move at a uniform speed, so that the concept of momentum can be established, but it is not known who to establish a relationship with, and then the so-called "conservation of momentum" can be established theoretically and logically.
The law of conservation of energy is different and can be applied to any physical phenomenon. Moreover, all physical phenomena and processes related to force, work, and energy changes must be within the norms of the law of conservation of energy. In other words, without the law of conservation of energy, all physical phenomena related to force, work, and energy changes will not have corresponding self-consistency and regularity. Then, all physical theories that violate the law of conservation of energy must not be the laws of physics in the strict sense.
So,The so-called "law of conservation of momentum" not only lacks rigorous logic, but is also a theory that contradicts the law of conservation of energy. So, it's not really a scientific law.
It cannot be applied not only to the mechanical system of macroscopic objects, but also to the physics of microscopic particles. Why?Because, as an empirical equation, it is useful because it can roughly circumvent a small fraction of the energy consumption of objects in the collision process, making it easy and easy to calculate the relevant physical quantities. Therefore, when dealing with problems such as collisions between macroscopic objects and **, its simple and convenient benefits can be highlighted. Therefore, it can be regarded as a crude, empirical formula for dealing with such problems. However, when it is used to deal with the physical state of microscopic particles, it inevitably highlights its inherent defects and inadequacies.
Because the physical activities of microscopic particles are fundamentally different from the physical activities of macroscopic objects, their environment is the electromagnetic field, and most of the energy that causes changes is provided by electromagnetic interactionsWhen macroscopic objects interact with each other, it is done through simple mechanical interactions, as long as the gravitational field and mechanical energy are considered. This shows that there is a difference between the physical state and the relevant physical laws between the two different types of interactions.
For example, in the orbital motion of electrons, the changes in the orbital path and angular velocity of electrons are caused by electromagnetic energy or the reception or release of magnetic radiation. In the process of such energy exchange and energy transfer, it is electromagnetic energy that changes the energy of electron motion, and electromagnetic energy propagates in the form of electromagnetic fields and radiation, which is not like the action between macroscopic objects, which is the effect of entity on entity. This makes it impossible to establish the equation relationship of "conservation of momentum" for the interaction between microscopic particles and matter in special environments such as electromagnetic fields. It is only in the linear or angular velocity of an electron that it is "artificially" run through the name of "momentum".
However, the so-called "momentum" cannot be effectively connected with other physical laws in the mechanical motion of macroscopic objects, let alone the physical environment of electromagnetic energy and electromagnetic fields, and it is even more impossible to establish an organic and effective mutual relationship and relationship with it. In addition, when using momentum, it is necessary to stipulate that it is a closed system, how can this be done in the activity of electrons?This is because electrons communicate with the outside world in the form of electromagnetic fields or electromagnetic radiation, and are not themselves in a so-called "closed" system. And how can this establish a physical relationship about momentum and conservation of momentum?Therefore, the so-called "momentum" and the so-called "law of conservation of momentum" are simply inappropriate when dealing with the physics of microscopic particles.
It is the particularity of the environment and mechanism of action of microscopic particles that makes them consume mechanical energy in the process of change, unlike macroscopic objects, which will inevitably make the timely linear velocity of microscopic particles and the linear velocity calculated in the momentum equation produce numerical differences, and the difference is the error. This error is negligible in the mechanical motion of a macroscopic object, but when it comes to such microscopic particles, the meaning is completely different. This is because such an error is enough to produce a very large error in the study and understanding of the problem, and even a theoretical misunderstanding will be formed, and this will not be lost. There will be big problems.
In fact, it is only when dealing with the collisions between macroscopic objects, **, that you can use "momentum" and this empirical equation about momentum. Because, first, due to the special form of such interaction, it will be too troublesome to use the relevant laws and formulas of motion mechanics to deal with the problem;Second, such action processes are relatively explosive, the time is also very short, and the grasp of the physical process is also very difficult, and when using the empirical formula on momentum to deal with such problems, due to the low requirements for accuracy, it is not only easy to use, but also can roughly avoid some energy consumption in the physical process. And this is where the convenience of using this empirical equation comes into play.
From the above discussion, we should know:This empirical equation for momentum does not have the universality of "scientific laws".