The quality of life is reflected in multiple dimensions such as income, consumption, living environment, public services, and social security, and improving the quality of life of rural residents requires comprehensive efforts in all aspects. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, we have insisted on solving the problems of agriculture, rural areas and rural areas as the top priority of the whole party's work, adhered to the priority development of agriculture and rural areas, attached great importance to increasing farmers' income and promoting common prosperity of farmers and rural areas, and continued to increase the policy of strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers and rich farmers.
The income of rural residents has achieved relatively rapid growth, and the channels for increasing income have been markedly broadened.
Increasing farmers' income is the central task of the work of agriculture, agriculture and agriculture, under the unified deployment of the country, all localities and departments strive to broaden the channels for farmers to increase income and get rich, through agricultural quality and efficiency, the development of rural industries, the guidance of transfer of employment, increase subsidy support and increase property income, etc., to build a long-term mechanism to promote farmers' continuous income increase.
In 2022, the per capita disposable income of rural residents in China will be 20,133 yuan, an increase of 140% over 2012, with an average annual growth rate of 915%, which is 1 higher than the average annual growth rate of per capita GDP and rural consumption ** index17 and 713 percentage points, which not only outperformed the growth of per capita GDP, but also significantly outperformed the growth of the rural consumption index. The increase in purchasing power has strongly supported the improvement of the living standards of rural residents. The faster growth of rural residents' income has gradually narrowed the income gap between urban and rural residents, and the average annual growth rate of per capita disposable income of rural residents is 1.1 faster than that of urban residents75 percentage points, the difference in per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents increased from 2 in 201288 fell to 2 in 202245。
From the perspective of income structure, the channels for increasing the income of rural residents have been significantly broadened, and the income has become increasingly diversified. With the continuous growth of the number of migrant workers and the level of wages in rural areas, the per capita wage income of rural residents has increased from 37 in 201223% increased to 41 in 202297%。The increase in subsidies to support agriculture and benefit farmers, the dense weaving of social security nets and the increase in income brought by family members have increased the per capita transfer income of rural residents from 17 in 201218% to 20. in 202288%。Rural reform has given farmers more property rights, promoted the gradual and effective utilization of various rural assets, and the per capita property income of rural residents has increased from 1 in 201297% to 253%。Correspondingly, the per capita net operating income of rural residents increased from 43 in 201263% down to 3463%。
The consumption expenditure of rural residents has increased, and the structure has been continuously optimized and upgraded.
With the growth of rural residents' income and the continuous improvement of the rural commercial logistics service system, the consumption expenditure of rural residents has grown rapidly and the structure has been continuously optimized and upgraded. In 2022, the per capita consumption expenditure of rural residents was 16,632 yuan, an increase of 149 over 201247%, with an average annual growth rate of 957%, with an average annual growth rate of 3 percent faster than that of urban residents66 percentage points, the per capita consumption expenditure of urban and rural residents from 2 in 201257 shrunk to 1 in 202283。
The consumption of rural residents is becoming more and more diversified, and it has shifted from satisfying basic living needs to improving the quality of life. The proportion of subsistence consumption, represented by food consumption, has decreased significantly, and the Engel coefficient of rural residents has increased from 35 in 20129% to 33 in 20220%, indicating the gradual improvement of the affluence of rural residents' lives. In 2022, the per capita consumption of meat, eggs, milk and aquatic products was 337 kg, 131 kg, 84 kg and 107 kg, an increase from 201249% and 9815%。Household appliances to the countryside, automobiles to the countryside, trade-in and other policies to promote rural consumption have been continuously promoted, the potential of rural consumption has been activated, and the needs of rural residents have been better met. The ownership of durable consumer goods by rural residents has increased rapidly, and has shown the characteristics of upgrading, and the penetration rate of various household appliances has increased significantly. In 2022, there were 32 cars per 100 rural households4 cars, mobile **2669 units, 103 refrigerators9 units, 96 washing machines8 units and 92 air conditioners2 units, an increase from 201205% and 26299%。
The developmental, enjoyment and service consumption of rural residents has increased faster than that of basic living consumption, reflecting the richer and better quality of life of rural residents. In 2022, the per capita expenditure of rural residents on housing, transportation and communications, medical care, and culture, education and entertainment was 3,503 yuan, 2,230 yuan, 1,632 yuan, and 1,683 yuan, respectively, an increase from 201243% and 1486%, which is 67 higher than the growth rate of food and clothing expenditure79, 12515, 10556 and 6273 percentage points;In 2022, the per capita consumption expenditure on services will be 6,358 yuan, an increase of 154 yuan over 201278%, which is 68% higher than the growth rate of food and clothing expenditure91 percentage points.
The living environment in rural areas has been improved in all aspects, and people's livelihood and well-being have been continuously improved.
The all-round improvement of the rural living environment has effectively guaranteed the overall improvement of the quality of life of rural residents. China has continued to increase investment in rural infrastructure, human settlements and basic public services, the rural production and living environment has changed, the livelihood and well-being of rural residents have been continuously improved, and rural residents are gradually living a modern and civilized life.
The continuous improvement of public infrastructure has improved the convenience of rural production and life. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has focused on infrastructure construction in rural areas, further increased investment, and continued to promote people's livelihood projects such as "four good" rural roads, a new round of rural power grid transformation and upgrading, and universal telecommunications services. As of 2022, the mileage of rural roads in the country has reached 453140,000 kilometers, an increase of 85 in ten years30,000 km. The proportion of hardened roads in townships and villages reached 99 respectively9% and 998%, an increase of 2 percent from 201256 and 1352 percentage points, the maintenance rate of rural roads reached 100%, and the rate of excellent and medium roads reached 893%, basically forming a convenient and efficient rural road network. We will continue to promote the operation of rural passenger transport, and the breadth and depth of public transport services in rural areas have been significantly improved, with the bus rate of townships and villages reaching 99 respectively8% and 997%。
Comprehensively improve the power guarantee capacity in rural areas, and effectively guarantee the electricity needs of rural residents for modern production and life. The power grid coverage in rural and remote areas has been fully realized, and the problem of electricity consumption for the population without electricity has been completely solved. Accurately upgrade the rural power grid, and the average power supply reliability rate of rural power grid users will reach 99 in 2022883%, an increase of 0044%, the average household power outage time from 2012 to 14The 16-hour drop is 10 in 2022Within 22 hours, the electricity consumption of rural households and rural production has been more stable.
Internet infrastructure continues to extend to rural and remote areas, with wider network coverage, lower tariffs, and faster speeds, and rural residents have caught the "fast lane" of the Internet. In 2022, the internet penetration rate in rural areas reached 619%, an increase of 38 from 20122%, and the proportion of administrative villages connected to broadband increased from 87 in 20129% to 100%, and the total number of rural broadband users reached 17.6 billion households, an increase of 331 over 20124%。The improvement of network infrastructure has created opportunities for the development of new rural industries and new business formats such as "Internet + agriculture", rural e-commerce, and live broadcasting. In 2022, the national rural online retail sales will reach 217 trillion yuan, an increase of 11 from 201405 times;The online retail sales of agricultural products were 5313800 million yuan, an increase of 4 compared with 20143 times.
The remarkable improvement of the living environment in rural areas has improved the comfort of rural residents' lives. We will vigorously promote the relocation of poverty alleviation and relocation, the renovation of dilapidated houses in rural areas, and the modernization of rural houses and villages, so that rural residents can ensure safe housing and improve their living quality. During the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, a total of 2.66 million resettlement houses have been built for poverty alleviation and relocation, 9.6 million people have moved to new homes, and more than 24 million dilapidated houses in rural areas have been renovated, which has historically solved the housing security problem of the poor people. The proportion of the area above the mixed structure of rural dwellings increased from 64 in 201217%, which increased to 77 in 202245%。In 2020, the per capita housing floor area of rural households reached 468 square meters, an increase of 15 compared with 20101 square meter.
Vigorous efforts have been made to implement the construction of rural water supply projects, and the level of guarantee of domestic water for rural residents has been significantly improved. In ten years, a total of 2The proportion of drinking water coverage of large-scale water supply projects has increased year by year for 800 million rural residents, and the penetration rate of tap water in rural areas reached 87% in 2022, an increase of 12 percent compared with 20124 percentage points.
Solid progress has been made in the village cleaning action, the rural toilet revolution, domestic waste treatment, domestic sewage treatment, etc., and the improvement of the rural living environment has achieved remarkable results, and the living environment and quality of rural residents have continued to improve. In 2022, the rural sanitary toilet penetration rate exceeded 73%, an increase of 5 percentage points from 2020The domestic sewage treatment rate reached 31%, an increase of 24 percentage points over 2012The proportion of natural villages where domestic waste is collected and transported reached 91%, an increase of 60 percentage points compared with 2012.
The upgrading and expansion of basic public services in rural areas has improved the level of security for rural residents' livelihoods. The level of rural medical security has been steadily improved, and the per capita financial subsidy standard for basic medical insurance for residents has increased from 240 yuan in 2012 to 640 yuan in 2023. In particular, after the comprehensive integration and integration of basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents in 2016, the number of medical insurance drugs and designated hospitals for rural residents, as well as the proportion of medical insurance reimbursement, have been greatly improved, and the economic burden of rural residents to see a doctor has been significantly reduced. The rural medical and health service system has continued to improve, and the level of health care for rural residents has been significantly improved. In 2022, there were 6 health technicians per 1,000 people in rural areas55 people, 6 beds in health facilities25, an increase of 3 from 201214 people and 314 sheets, and the gap with the city is 148 people and 236 sheets;The maternal mortality rate, infant mortality rate and under-five mortality rate in rural areas were 166 100,000, 57 and 8, respectively, down from 201203% and 5062%。
Inclusive preschool education resources are tilted towards rural areas, which has changed the situation that rural children cannot go to kindergarten or cannot afford to go to kindergarten. In 2021, 1,241 rural kindergartens will be invested in national financial education funds9.4 billion yuan, an increase of 295 over 201212%；There were 98,518 kindergartens in rural areas, an increase of 56 over 20122%, of which there are 82,359 kindergartens run by rural education departments and private inclusive kindergartens, accounting for 83 of the total number of rural kindergartens6%, and the coverage rate of inclusive kindergartens in rural areas reached 906%, basically realize that each township has a public central park, large villages run independent parks, small villages jointly run parks.
We have continued to improve the basic conditions and capacity of rural compulsory education, and the hardware facilities and teachers of rural schools have been significantly enhanced. In 2021, 55,578 national financial education funds were invested in rural compulsory education2.1 billion yuan, an increase of 6 over 201276 times;Rural compulsory education schools have more digital terminal equipment and more networks per 100 people, and the number of classrooms has reached 2078 units and 371, an increase of 1 from 201368 times and 384 times. In 2022, the proportion of full-time teachers with a bachelor's degree or above in rural compulsory education will reach 7601%, an increase of 35 over 201229 percentage points. The Rural Compulsory Education Student Nutrition Improvement Program covers rural compulsory education schools12380,000 schools, benefiting 3500 million people, benefiting the physical health pass rate of students from 70 in 20123% to 86 in 20217%。
In 2014, after the integration of basic old-age insurance for urban and rural residents, the level of old-age insurance for rural residents was improved simultaneously with that of urban residents, and the average monthly pension received by the elderly in rural areas increased from 73 yuan to 205 yuan. More and more villages have established old-age service facilities such as nursing homes, day care centers, canteens for the elderly, and mutual aid cooperatives, so that the lives of the elderly in rural areas can be better cared for. In 2022, there were 23 rural community pension service institutions and facilities in the country20,000, an increase of 13 over 20155 times.
Since the beginning of the new era, significant progress has been made in the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, and the quality of life of rural residents has been substantially improved in all aspects, and the sense of gain and happiness has been significantly improved. However, it should also be noted that the foundation of China's rural areas in all aspects is still weak, the growth of peasant incomes is still facing challenges and pressures in many aspects, the rural areas still need long-term efforts to have modern living conditions, and it is still necessary to continue to make up for the shortcomings in infrastructure, basic public services, and human settlements to improve the quality of life of rural residents. It is necessary to learn from and apply the experience of the "Ten Million Project" to effectively and effectively promote the comprehensive revitalization of the countryside and promote the comprehensive and continuous improvement of the lives of rural residents.
Author's Affiliation: **Department of Rural Economic Research, Development Research Center).