Do you ride high-speed rail?Do you know what are the characteristics of high-speed rail?
Definition of high-speed rail
According to the maximum speed allowed to run on the railway line, the following divisions are made:
Ordinary railway 100 160km h
Rapid Rail 160 200km h
High-speed railway 200km h (existing line reconstruction).
250 km h (new line).
High-speed railway has a number of advantages that are difficult to compare with other transportation systems, and has been widely valued by countries around the world.
Safety is at the heart of travelers' top concerns. The number of passengers** caused by railway accidents is much lower than that of road and civil aviation. The high safety of the railway is determined by the basic operating principle of the rail transit system, taking the automatic guidance of the train as an example, which greatly avoids various safety risks such as misoperation and drunk driving caused by manual participation.
Highway car accidents are frequent, and according to statistics, the number of people who die from car accidents in the United States is about 550,000 people, as many as 2 million injured, Germany, France and Japan also kill more than 10,000 people every year, and nearly 100,000 people are disabled due to injuries;Civil aviation crashes also occur from time to time. Although the statistical caliber of each country is not completely consistent, it reflects the safety superiority of railway transportation. The safety of high-speed railways is better than that of ordinary railways, and there have been basically no train overturning and passenger fatalities in Japan and France for more than 10 years in the past 40 years.
Different modes of transport have different scopes. According to statistical analysis, the current high-speed railway has a significant advantage over road and air transportation in the total travel time of 100 1000 km, and this range can cover most of the travel needs.
Compared with car transportation, the speed is fast, and the range of more than 100 kilometers has obvious advantages. It is not uncommon for passengers with a self-driving mileage of more than 100km to switch to high-speed trains. Compared with air transportation, it saves additional time such as airport travel and security checks, and has obvious advantages compared with aircraft when the total mileage is less than 1,000 kilometers.
Air transportation is affected by the climate, and it is often delayed in various abnormal weather such as wind, rain, and snow. Highway congestion also occurs from time to time, and it is very easy to be disturbed by various abnormal weather such as wind, rain, snow, and fog. High-speed rail is much more climate-resilient and can be operated almost around the clock.
The high-speed railway line is fully enclosed and automatically guided by the system, and due to the use of a number of high-tech technologies, the train running speed is controllable, and the overall train scheduling is accurate, which greatly reduces the uncertainty. Once the train departs, it is guaranteed to run on time in principle. Japan's high-speed trains have an average delay of 48 seconds over a 50-year period. For example, in foggy weather, the position of the forward train is not protected by the driver's lookout, but the position information is automatically obtained by the train control system and the protection calculation is carried out, which greatly reduces the impact of the driver's visual range reduction caused by fog.
The overall seat space of high-speed trains is larger than that of cars and airplanes. In addition, the train is fully equipped with dining, water supply and drainage and sanitation systems, and has a large use space. The high-speed train runs smoothly, and there is no obvious shaking of the car when the passengers cross the curve during the operation, nor does it have a strong sense of turbulence when the plane takes off and lands and encounters the air current, and the overall ride comfort is high.
At the national level, in addition to taking into account the direct needs of the above-mentioned passengers, China has a vast territory, unbalanced distribution of resources and economic development in various regions, and huge transportation needs. In addition, in view of the fact that China's highway and air transportation are not very developed, the oil supply is tight, and environmental pollution and other problems are becoming increasingly prominent, the development of high-speed railways is also adapted to China's national conditions.
According to relevant statistics, the number of passenger trains running by high-speed railway in Japan is 192,240, and if each train takes an average of 800 passengers, the average annual one-way transportation capacity will reach 56 million 70 million people.
With the same footprint, the capacity of a two-track high-speed railway is three times that of a two-way four-lane highway. The capacity of aviation is much lower than that of high-speed rail. Japan's Tokaido Shinkansen annual volume 1700 million passengers, 10 times the original air traffic between Tokyo and Osaka, 5 times that of the expressway, but the transportation cost is only 1 5 2 5.
2.Energy consumption, especially oil consumption.
According to statistics, the average energy consumption per person-kilometer of various means of transportation, the ratio of high-speed railways to cars and airplanes is 1:58：5.3。High-speed rail has the lowest energy consumption.
More prominently, electrically powered high-speed trains do not directly consume oil and are of great national defense significance. Fighter jets, artillery, ** and other national defense equipment are currently mainly powered by oil. Oil is a strategic energy, related to the first oil is a non-renewable resource, it is generally believed that if the proportion of oil imported by the country exceeds 70%, the strategic position is indirectly constrained by other countries, and there are strategic risks.
The same journey uses a high-speed train, and the state needs to provide 1 unit of energy. If it is changed to air transportation, although the passenger may bear the ** may be lower, it needs to be provided by the country3 units of petroleum energy as a premise. If it is changed to car transportation, it needs to be premised on the country providing more oil energy.
Therefore, by building high-speed railways and optimizing the transportation structure, the country as a whole can save oil when it is carried by cars or airplanes4 5. The high-speed railway has a large transportation capacity and saves considerable oil, which can effectively reduce the proportion of oil imports and enhance the country's strategic security.
Therefore, to optimize the country's strategic energy structure, we must vigorously develop low-energy transportation systems such as high-speed railways.
In terms of environmental pollution, the emission of pollutants from the operation of high-speed trains powered by electricity is much smaller than that of other modes of transportation. Especially in the treatment of haze air, according to the experience of other developed countries, reducing the emission of pollutants from automobiles is a key factor.
The high-speed train driven by electricity does not pollute the environment during operation, and the data after converting the power generation pollution of the power plant to the high-speed train are shown in Table 1-1. Even so, the pollutant emissions are only a few percent of those of a car.
Table 1-1 Comparison of pollutant emissions per person-kilometer (g).
In addition, rail transport also has certain advantages when it comes to noise pollution. Therefore, from the perspective of environmental protection, high-speed rail is a green and other mode of transportation.
High-speed rail has extremely high social benefits. For example, after the construction of high-speed railway, the overall social transportation time will be saved. The travel time saved by transferring passengers from other modes of transportation to high-speed trains is equivalent to the working time of passengers, which greatly reduces the work consumption of the society and creates a lot of wealth for the society.
According to preliminary statistics, the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway can save 1 billion hours a year. According to Shinkansen statistics, passengers can save 300 million hours of travel time per year by switching from existing lines to Shinkansen high-speed trains. In other words, the time savings per year were equivalent to the entire cost of building the Tokaido Shinkansen at that time. In addition, it can reduce the traffic jams and accidents on the highways, which have brought huge losses to the national economy and reduced the huge damage to many families. The cost of solving road congestion in the countries of the European Community is about 26％～3.1. Equivalent to the entire investment in the entire European high-speed rail network;The cost of dealing with road accidents also accounts for 2 percent of GDP5％。
In addition, the high-speed railway system has strengthened economic and cultural exchanges between various places, which is of great significance to promoting local economic development and national unity. Investment in high-speed railways can also be used as a means of national macroeconomic regulation and control, driving the development of a large number of industries such as infrastructure and metallurgy.