For thousands of years, the ancients have evolved the polishing method of jade, which can be said to be related to tools, materials, and fineness.
Before the Shang Dynasty, most of the jade carving process used the method of rubbing back and forth with water and water that was harder than jade, and the speed was very slow, so the surface of jade was very smooth and moist, and there were almost no small planes visible.
In the late Neolithic period, although the surface was processed in the same way, the process was obviously rough, and many different small surfaces could be seen on the surface of the jade.
In the Shang Dynasty, due to the use of stone tools, the use of jade sand and water to ponder, the speed was accelerated, so the surface of the jade would leave a depth of difference.
1. Irregular straight-line polishing marks of different thicknesses, especially under the mouth and behind the ears of round carved animals or figures, the turning point is more obvious. In the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, due to the fine grinding, the scratches on the surface and in the stone marks were not very obvious.
In the Han Dynasty, the polishing process reached its peak, and it was precisely because of the more fine polishing that a large number of glass light on jade appeared, which was a very important feature of the jade of the Han Dynasty.
The jade of the Tang Dynasty did not have the kind of glass luster like the Han Dynasty, nor the bright light of the Ming Dynasty, but polished out a matte finish, which could not express the warmth of the jade, and the wax light of the middle Qing Dynasty could not be the same. In other words, the polishing technology of Tang Dynasty jade is not outstanding, and some imitations are easy to overdo in this link.
Dragon pattern jade ring Tang Dynasty.
The polishing technology of jade in the Song Dynasty was much more advanced than that of the Tang Dynasty, and the surface of the jade did not appear in the Han Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty, but the warmth and mellowness of the jade can be effectively expressed. Of course, there is still a distance from the wax effect in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.
Jade Goose Tang Dynasty.
Some jade artifacts of the Tang Dynasty were obviously influenced by foreign cultures, such as the Hu people and FeitianThe jade of the Song Dynasty was more through the return of the jade production tradition in the Central Plains to meet the demands of the cultural level and the supply and demand of market aesthetics. And together with the Liaojin in the north, it constitutes a jade culture era with a north-south style compatibility. The jade-making craftsmen of the Liao, Jin and Song dynasties had the characteristics of displacement, and the uncertainty of their residence directly led to the mixing of the north and the south in jade cutting technology. Therefore, the jade carvings of the Song Dynasty and Liaojin have obvious differences in composition, but there are many commonalities in technique.
Yuma Tang Dynasty.
In the creation of literature, there has always been the so-called "Tang people are still meaningful, Song people are still reasonable", whether it is literary creation or craft production in the Tang Dynasty, everywhere flashes the kind of "five-flowered horses, thousands of gold qiu, Hu'er will exchange for fine wine, and sell eternal sorrow with you" The ancient heroism of "the Tang Dynasty is still meaningful, and the Song Dynasty is still reasonable", which is reflected in the ornamentation and modeling of jade production, and there are frequent innovations. In addition to the Hu people with foreign styles, there are also many flower and grass decorations, birds and animal decorations, more than unprecedented.
Jade Feitian Tang Dynasty.
And the Song Dynasty, under the social form of Dachang of Science, covered up the self-deception that seemed to be a peaceful and prosperous era. For example, in literature, suddenly "the cover will be viewed from the one who changes", and suddenly "the cover will be viewed from the one who does not change", chattering in the philosophical overturn, reflected in the production of jade, the innovation and development of techniques, more is to concentrate on the study of ancient systems, rediscover the ancient feelings, and copy ancient jade according to the records of the classics.
Jade Bird Song Dynasty.
Peacock in the Song Dynasty.
Zhilian Jade Boy Song Dynasty.
Tang Dynasty jade was a proprietary craft of the upper class bureaucratic society. In the Song Dynasty, jade was made, and the carvings obviously appeared in a style close to the preferences of the common people.
Tang Dynasty jade belt plate.
Tang Dynasty jade belt plate.
Generally speaking, a distinct difference between Tang and Song Dynasty jade in the identification is the difference in knife marks: the characteristics of knives used in the Tang Dynasty are that they go deep and lightly out, and the strength of the knife is very large, and the knife can be cut to a suitable depth at once, while the knife is gradually dragged out. In this variation in the power of the knife, the blade on the surface of the carved piece is visible. There can be a variety of explanations for this phenomenon, such as "Shangcheng Han Eight Blades", "style", etc., and the important thing is that this form has clear characteristics of Tang Dynasty craftsmanship. as well as the flavor that is exhibited;The carving technique of the Song Dynasty is light in and light out, and there is no blade strength at all. Compared with the Tang Dynasty, it seems very rational and not strong, and it is better to regard it as a style of the times than to be summarized as "skillful".
Yulu Song Dynasty.
The bright effect of jade in the Qing Dynasty is closely related to the early grinding of jade. When the Qing Dynasty jade was formed, the overall brightness had been greatly improved. Due to the delicate polishing material, the overall brightness of the jade after polishing is moderate, and scratches are rarely found on the surface of the jade, and the pattern and ornamentation of the jade still maintain the clear effect of the early grinding.
In the early grinding process of modern imitations, the overall roughness and poor brightness are poor. In order to achieve high brightness, a long period of intensive polishing is required.
The Shanghai Museum has a collection of white jade ladies from the Qing Dynasty.
Although the brightness has been improved, due to the intensive polishing, the jade patterns and ornaments are damaged, and even the fine ornaments are blurred. The inner wall of jade with openwork process is rough and cannot be effectively polished, resulting in errors in the brightness of various parts. Modern jade production adopts high-efficiency and high-precision processing, and the process defects generated in this case are difficult to overcome and remedy.
The Shanghai Museum has a white jade fisherman in the Qing Dynasty (detail).
Drill drawings. 1. Felt (ting) drilling
Felt Drill Tool - Arrow.
Felt diamond is what we commonly call it"Solid drills"。It originated in the Neolithic period and has been used until modern times. The earliest felt drill tools were arrows made of agate, volcanic flint, etc., which were used to drive the damp jade sand directly on the jade for rotary drilling. Later, the bow appeared, and the bow was used to drive the drill bit processing, which greatly improved the drilling efficiency.
Felt drill traces 1 felt drill drilling process, need to add moisture to solve the jade sand, the early will leave a larger horseshoe hole, back to the bronze material of the felt drill, the hole is getting smaller and smaller, because it is manual rotation, it is inevitable that you can not drill at the same point in one go, you must repeatedly start drilling, plus the wear and tear of the drill, and at the same time enter the hole of the jade sand thickness is different, it will leave irregular hole walls, and different thickness of the spiral traces, now the punching will also have a spiral, but the characteristics of the two spirals are not the same (emphasis added)。
Traces of felt drills 2 Neolithic jade felt drills often have horn holes, mainly the hardness of the object to be polished, which is close to the hardness and wear resistance of the drill bit material. When grinding holes, the grinding object and the drilling tool will wear and tear each other, so that the front end of the coarser drill bit will be slowly ground and can no longer be drilled. At this time, at the back of the drill bit, the part with a thick diameter begins to contact with the orifice and grind, so that the inverted angle of the orifice becomes larger and larger, and finally forms a bell mouth (emphasis added).
Felt drill horn hole traces.
Bovine nostrils. Herringbone holes.
T-shaped felt drills.
Hongshan cultural site was unearthed.
Stone drills. Lingjiatan culture was unearthed.
*Period, using a slab machine as the power of the hammer processing.
There is also a form of drilling in which the string is pulled back and forth as the power of drilling, such as in our 20th century.
The tools used for curium porcelain pots and porcelain pots that can still be seen before the seventies and eighties are. The collection of the Palace Museum, weighing 53 tons of Qianlong period "Yu Yu Water Control Yushanzi", it is speculated that this tool is mainly processed.
Figure 1, Figure 2, saw the bow.
Before the seventies and eighties of the 20th century, it was common to see "saw bows" for sawing porcelain pots and porcelain pots
Stone drills. The uniformity of the outer pulp in the hole of the Hongshan culture.
Edge: refers to the angular part between the edge of the hole and the jade table. Due to forward and reverse movements and the action of abrasive sand, there is often severe wear here, which becomes rounded, like the chamfering process of machining. The older you get, the more obvious this phenomenon becomes.
Upper: the upper mouth of the hole, 1 3 places of the entire depth. This position is also due to the repeated entry and exit and friction of the grinding sand, and the hole wall is relatively smooth, and there are almost no rotation marks. The older it is, the more pronounced the feature is: the middle of the hole. In this area, due to the narrower passage compared to the upper part, the hole wall begins to show rotation marks. However, the whirlwind is wide and narrow, deep and shallow, and sparse and dense, and it is more messy.
Lower part: 1 3 places below the hole. Since this part is the narrowest part of the hole, and it is also the place where the grinding sand accumulates the most, pay attention to the ancient jade insects. Therefore, it is easy to leave obvious twist marks on the hole wall. The characteristics of the rotation marks are the same as those of the middle part, but they are more than those of the middle part.
However, no matter where there are rotation marks, due to the forward and reverse movements and the irregularity of the grinding sand, the hole wall will never leave a closed rotation pattern, which is also the key to identification.
The old modifications unearthed from the women's tomb in Yinxu, Henan Province can clearly see the phenomenon characteristics of the rod drilling tool processing holes.
c) Coloring, calcification, soil erosion, soil bite, gray skin, fissures and interrelationships within the holes.
In other words, any soil penetration features that occur at the edge of the hole will continue to occur and change inside the hole. This is also very important.
2. Pipe drilling
Traces of pipe drill 1 pipe drill is generally used to make larger holes, which has been used in the Neolithic Age, such as the holes of jade bi and the holes of jade cong are all made with pipe drills, and the characteristics of pipe drills are that they can make large holes, and the middle is hollow, which can accelerate cooling and is not easy to wear out the drill bit (advantage).
Pipe drill traces 2 The principle of pipe drill is different from that of felt drill, which is to grind away all the jade material in the hole, which is suitable for small holesThe pipe drill is the bloom of the wisdom of the ancients, only need to use the tubular tool to drive the damp jade sand, grind off the general thickness of the pipe wall, and then cut into a hole, which is equivalent to wire cutting (emphasis added). In prehistoric tube drills, there are often double-faced drilled and residual steps, as shown in the picture above.
The Han Dynasty tube drilled the inner hole of the jade.
In the Han Dynasty, large iron pipe drill tools were used to process jade, and the inner hole and outer edge were all made with pipe drills. During the processing process, due to the different sizes of moist jade sand particles, spiral traces of different spacings and depths will remain on the hole wall, as shown in the figure.
The outer edge of the Han Dynasty tube drill jade.
Characteristics of the traces left by the pipe drill.
Enlarged view of the hole wall, which is characteristic of the traces left by the tube drill.
The tube drill processes the jade core left by the large hole of the jade.
Unfinished excavations of pipe drills.
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