Everyone is familiar with the first award of titles by the People's Liberation Army in 1955, but what few people know is the reorganization of the titles carried out by the Kuomintang before the Anti-Japanese War in 1935. At that time, the first army was fully reorganized and the military rank system was officially launched. However, the process was not without its challenges, and the awarding of military ranks before 1935 was extremely arbitrary, resulting in a serious deviation from the ranks of many senior generals. This article will provide an in-depth analysis of the process of awarding the title of Kuomintang general and reveal the inside story of the military system at that time.
The story behind the awarding of the title of Kuomintang general.
In 1935, the first reorganization of the troops, there was an urgent need to formulate clear requirements for the awarding and promotion of military ranks. At that time, the awarding and promotion of military ranks belonged to the Ministry of Military Affairs (Minister: He Yingqin), and because the requirements for promotion were quite strict, the military positions and ranks of many ** senior generals were far from each other. For example, during the Liberation War, Liao Yaoxiang, commander of the 9th Corps of the Chinese Kuomintang, had the official rank of cavalry colonel, mainly due to the strict seniority requirements for the awarding of military ranks.
1935 ** Admiral system.
* There are four levels of generals: Superior General, First General, Second General, Lieutenant General, and General. Among them, there is only 1 special general, 9 first-class generals, 23 second-class generals, and a total of 27 lieutenant generals and generals, and the total number of active generals shall not exceed 60. There must be a corresponding vacancy for the promotion of a general, which makes the whole system more rigorous.
First Rank General: The pinnacle of scheming.
First-class generals include Yan Xishan (leader of the Jin Sui Army), Feng Yuxiang (leader of the Northwest Army), Zhang Xueliang (leader of the Northeast Army), He Yingqin (leader of the Whampoa Army), Li Zongren (leader of the Gui Army), Zhu Peide (leader of the Yunnan Army), Tang Shengzhi (leader of the Hunan Army), Chen Jitang (leader of the Guangdong Army), and Chen Shaokuan (first class admiral). These first-class generals are the leaders of various local factions and have influence over second-class generals, lieutenant generals and other officers.
Later promotions included Cheng Qian (Chief of Staff), Bai Chongxi (Minister of National Defense) and Chen Cheng (Chief of Staff). They were promoted in 1939, 1945 and 1947 to fill vacancies and maintain the stability of the rank of general.
Posthumously promoted to the rank of first-class general.
It is worth noting that there are also 5 generals who were posthumously promoted to first-class generals, namely Song Zheyuan, Chen Tiaoyuan, Liu Xiang, Cao Kun and Wu Peifu. Among them, Song Zheyuan, Chen Tiaoyuan and Liu Xiang were originally second-class generals, while Cao Kun and Wu Peifu were special cases of special approval to pursue promotion.
Admiral 2nd Class: A symbol of local strength.
There are a total of 21 second-class generals, including Liu Zhi (chairman of Henan Province), Gu Zhutong (chairman of Jiangsu Province), Jiang Dingwen (chairman of Fujian Province), He Chengjun (chairman of Hubei Province), Zhu Shaoliang (chairman of Guizhou Province), Song Zheyuan (chairman of Chahar Province), Han Fuyu (chairman of Shandong Province), Liu Xiang (chairman of Sichuan Province), He Jian (chairman of Hunan Province), Bai Chongxi (chairman of Guangxi Province), Liu Zhenhua (chairman of Anhui Province), etc. The second-rank generals were mainly local provincial chairmen, equivalent to the overseers during the Beiyang period, to ensure their position in the military and political system.
Promotions and transfers.
Generals promoted to the rank of second rank general must have distinguished themselves in military service. In the later period, 10 generals were promoted to second-class generals, such as Wei Lihuang, Chen Cheng, Pang Bingxun, Sun Lianzhong, Xue Yue, Zhang Fakui, Zhang Zhizhong, Yu Hanmou, Xiong Shihui and Chen Yi. The promotions of these generals were usually accompanied by a change of position to suit the needs of the situation.
Endings and changes.
However, some promotions are not all smooth sailing. For example, Pang Bingxun was stripped of his second-class general in May 1943 for defecting to the enemy, while Sun Lianzhong succeeded Yang Hucheng in February 1943. These changes have made it difficult for many senior generals in the ** army to be promoted to lieutenant generals, such as Du Yuming, Wang Yaowu, and others who were only lieutenant generals in their lives, and even lieutenant generals and generals have not been promoted, which has brought a big peculiar phenomenon to the ** troops.
Summary: Ranks lose their basic meaning.
On the whole, during the mainland period of the Kuomintang, a total of 1 special general, 11 first-class generals, and 33 second-class generals were awarded. Due to the excessively strict promotion, many senior generals in the ** army were promoted to the top of the rank of lieutenant general. As a result, the posts of commander of the theater of operations, commander of the group army, army commander, and division commander are all with the rank of lieutenant general, and the military rank has thus lost its basic meaning. Although the ** general system in 1935 brought a certain order to the military system at that time, it also buried some hidden dangers for later development.
This article details the background, process and results of the reorganization of military ranks in the Kuomintang army in 1935, revealing the complexity and rigor of the system of ** generals at that time. We can comment on this history from several aspects.
First of all, the article describes the background of the reorganization of military ranks, so that readers can better understand the problems existing in the military system at that time. Prior to the reorganization, the awarding of military ranks was too haphazard, leading to the abuse of military ranks by small local factions and causing chaos within the army. The purpose of the reorganization is to establish clear criteria for the awarding and promotion of military ranks and to improve the organization and discipline of the army as a whole.
Secondly, the article lists the list of first-class generals and second-class generals in detail, as well as the promotion process and the political conspiracy behind it. This part shows the factional struggles and power struggles within the Kuomintang at that time, and the promotion of military ranks was not only determined by military merit, but also by political factors. This also illustrates the complex situation of the top generals under the political system at the time.
In addition, the posthumous promotion to the rank of general and the change in promotion in the later period gave a deep sense of political turmoil within the Kuomintang. Some of the generals who were posthumously promoted to first-class generals were originally second-class generals, and some were specially approved, which showed the unstable and unpredictable political situation at that time. Later promotions are influenced by a variety of factors, including the battle situation, personal performance, and political landscape.
Finally, the article concludes that due to the excessively strict promotion, many senior generals can only be promoted to lieutenant generals, which makes the phenomenon of high positions and relatively low military ranks in the first army. This not only makes the military rank system lose its original meaning, but also has a certain negative impact on the organization and implementation of the first class.
On the whole, this article vividly restores the process of awarding the title of Kuomintang general at that time through detailed historical facts and a list of characters. Through the in-depth understanding of the background of the reorganization, the power of the characters, and the changes in promotion, readers have a clearer understanding of the political struggle and military system within the Kuomintang. This history provides us with a profound reflection, enables us to better understand the impact of the political environment on the organization of the military at that time, and also provides us with an interesting and profound perspective for a more comprehensive understanding of China's modern and modern history.
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