Today, we unveil the veil of history and go deep into the Tongguang Zhongxing in the late Qing Dynasty, is it the glory of history or the return of the light?In the past 30 years, although it has been praised as a prosperous era, what is the truth?
Before discussing whether Tongguang Zhongxing can be regarded as a prosperous age, we first need to understand the definition of a prosperous age. Prosperity refers to the social phenomenon that a country maintains prosperity and prosperity for a long period of time, and the ruling group reaches a certain level of cultural and martial arts. It is manifested in the internal economic prosperity, scientific and technological development, ideological activity, cultural prosperity, and external military strength, prosperity and influence.
Economy: The GDP hegemon that is difficult to distinguish between virtual and real.
The period of "Tongguang Zhongxing" spanned from 1860 to 1890, that is, the period of the Westernization Movement. However, from an economic point of view, this is not really a prosperous time. Although in 1890 China was still the world's largest GDP, this was largely due to its large population rather than its productivity. The signing of unequal treaties led to a massive outflow of the people, forcing them to abandon the "silver standard" and adopt the "copper standard". Therefore, economic prosperity does not really exist.
Science and technology: the dawn of Western learning.
In terms of science and technology, China during the Tongguang Zhongxing period did not make significant scientific and technological achievements. Except for the "Geometric Original" translated by Li Shanlan and others, there are few scientific and technological achievements that can be called handy. Although the Westernists advocated "Western learning for use", the decadence of Cheng Zhu's science still dominated. As a result, the technology did not meet the standards of the prosperous world.
Thoughts: The vitality of thought in a pool of stagnant water.
In terms of ideology, China during the Tongguang Zhongxing period was relatively active. Although Cheng Zhu Lixue was still dominant, representatives of the Westernist School and the early Reform School, such as Lin Zexu, Xu Ji, Wei Yuan, Zeng, Li, Zuo, Zhang, Wang Tao, Zheng Guanying, Feng Guifen, etc., emerged. They waged a fierce struggle against the diehards and injected a wave of vitality into the Chinese intellectual circles. From an ideological point of view, this period can be regarded as a change.
Military Chapter: An old and secure navy and an outdated army.
The military aspect is the key point of Tongguang Zhongxing. The Qing Dynasty Green Camp of this period was already outdated during the Taiping Rebellion. The army is dominated by the Hunan army, the Huai army, and the Chu army, relying on local regiments to train their armaments, although they are equipped with new **, but the overall strength is limited. In terms of navy, the Qing Dynasty created three navies of Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian for coastal defense, which were touted by foreign media as "the first in Asia."
1. Fourth in the world", however, the results of the Sino-French war of 1884 show that militarily it did not reach the level of true prosperity.
*Chapter: The abyss covered by a brief boom.
In terms of foreign affairs, driven by the Westernization Movement, China's foreign export volume has indeed increased. However, since 1840, China has been in a state of deficit, and a large outflow has become a shadow. The substantial increase in treaty ports during this period, although the market was opened, also destroyed China's traditional economy and brought greater problems to the Qing Dynasty. Although relatively few treaties have been signed, they are no less harmful than unequal treaties.
To sum up, the 30 years of "Tongguang Zhongxing" are not the last glory of the late Qing Dynasty, but more like a return to the light. The appearance of this period only extended the life span of the Qing Dynasty for a few years. The truth of history requires us to dig deeply, look at it rationally, and examine that tortuous history with a clearer eye.
Conclusion: The truth of Tongguang Zhongxing unveils the veil of history, traces back to the source, and sees the true face of the late Qing Dynasty.
Tongguang Zhongxing: Revealing the Historical Truth of the Late Qing Dynasty" made an in-depth analysis of Tongguang Zhongxing in the late Qing Dynasty, covering many aspects such as economy, science and technology, ideology, military and so on. While expounding the views of the article, I think this review should be carried out from the following aspects:
First of all, the article questions the economic development of Tongguang ZTE. By comparing China's share of world GDP in 1820 and 1890, the article points out that although it was still the world's largest in 1890, it was mainly due to a large population rather than an increase in productivity. This point of view led me to think about whether China's economy is truly prosperous. In the definition of prosperity, in addition to the proportion, we should also examine the per capita income, industrial structure and other aspects to fully understand the real state of the economy.
Secondly, the article mentions the Western-style idea of "Western learning for use" in terms of science and technology, but points out that scientific and technological achievements are relatively scarce. This led me to think about the level of science and technology in China at that time and whether there was innovation. In the prosperous era, the progress of science and technology is often the driving force for the development of other fields, so the real situation of science and technology in the Tongguang Zhongxing period still needs to be studied in depth.
Third, in terms of ideology, the article points out that although Cheng Zhu Lixue is still dominant, a group of active thinkers has emerged, injecting new vitality into China's ideological circles. This perspective led me to think about the transformation of Chinese society and the role of intellectuals in it. In the torrent of history, the collision and evolution of ideas often bring new possibilities for the development of society, so it is worth digging deep into how the ideological changes in this period have had an impact on later history.
Furthermore, the article provides an in-depth analysis of the military situation during the Tongguang Zhongxing period, especially the state of the army and navy. In this regard, I believe that the strength of military strength is directly related to a country's international status and stability. However, the article pointed out that the performance of the Qing ** in the Sino-French War did not reach the level of the real prosperous era. This led me to think about the construction and maintenance of the national defense system in the late Qing Dynasty.
Finally, the article makes an in-depth analysis of the first in the Tongguang Zhongxing period, especially the impact of the increase of treaty ports on China's traditional economy. This has led me to think about the balance between economic globalization and the local economy. Opening up the market is good for economic promotion and reform, but whether it undermines the local economy while overopening up is a question that needs to be carefully considered.
Overall, this article provides a deep and comprehensive perspective on the late Qing dynasty Tongguang Zhongxing. However, the interpretation of the history of the late Qing Dynasty still needs further research and reflection in order to understand this period of Chinese history more comprehensively and deeply.
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