On December 13, 1948, Hu Shi wrote an article "The 50th Anniversary of Peking University" for the 50th anniversary of Peking University.
In this article, Hu Shi wrote this sentence:
"I wish Peking University the best of luck in the next crisis. ”The danger that Hu Shi said naturally occurred in the Pingjin Campaign in early December 1948, when Beiping and Tianjin were surrounded by the PLA. At about the same time, Chiang Kai-shek's "rescue" team had arrived in Beiping.
According to Chiang Kai-shek's order, the "rescue" group was responsible for mobilizing all the four categories of people in Peiping, namely, the relevant administrative leaders of various academies, schools, and museums, those who had to leave due to political relations, academicians of the ** research institute, and those who had made academic contributions, to Taiwan.
And the famous Hu Shi was naturally one of the main personnel mobilized by Chiang Kai-shek.
However, Hu Shi refused to go south at first, and made excuses:
"I can't leave Peking University behind. ”Chiang Kai-shek hit ** several times, and even sent Chen Xueping, the head of the "rescue" team, to Beiping to persuade him, but Hu Shi always refused to move, there was no way, Chen Xueping had to return to Nanjing to report to Chiang Kai-shek, Chiang Kai-shek was shocked, and sent two telegrams to Beiping.
In fact, when the Liberation War was advancing, the Communist Party of China did not give up fighting for these experts, scholars and cultural celebrities, especially Hu Shi who was still in Beiping at the time, Hu Shi Wu Han of the Chinese Public School personally came forward to persuade the teacher to stay, but Wu Han and Hu Shi did not speculate, and finally the two broke up unhappily, even so, Wu Han did not give up, he said to the underground party members in Beiping:
"If you do your job well, you can still leave Hu Shi behind. ”At that time, in the Xishan area, the radio broadcasting of the People's Liberation Army almost never stopped, repeatedly persuading Hu Shi to stay, and even broadcast *** words:
"As long as Hu Shi doesn't leave, he can be the director of the Beijing Library!”However, all this seemed to be useless, because Hu Shi had no intention of staying from the beginning.
There is a certain relationship between Hu Shi and ***.
In June 1918, ** graduated from Hunan No. 1 Normal School, influenced by the work-study atmosphere in France in the society at that time, because it was an organization to undertake, so it could reduce the fee to a certain extent, which had a certain positive significance for the first person who was not very wealthy.
As a result, ** began to spare no effort to go to France for work-study, and he also had plans to study abroad.
In order to prepare for studying in France, the Xinmin Society sent Cai Hesen to Beijing to meet with his teacher Yang Changji, but Yang Changji instead proposed that he could come to Peking University, or study or work, and Cai Hesen also wrote a letter for this.
It was precisely because of accepting the teacher's advice that he set off for Beijing in August 1918.
According to ***'s recollections, it was also under the introduction of the teacher that he went to work in the library of Peking University, and got acquainted with Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, and Hu Shi.
Hu Shi was already very famous at that time, in fact, if you look at age, Yang Changji, Chen Duxiu, and Li Dazhao are much older than Hu Shi, we usually think that Hu Shi and *** Xiao Zisheng, Cai Hesen and other students should be two generations, but in fact, Hu Shi is only two years older than ***.
However, it is not true that the achiever comes first.
In 1910, Hu Shi took the examination for studying in the United States and crossed the ocean with the qualification of 55th place, that is, the year before going to Beijing, Hu Shi completed his doctorate and returned to China from the United States, and was invited by Cai Yuanpei to serve as a professor at Peking University.
In addition to daily teaching, Hu Shi also participated in the editorial activities of "New Youth", and advocated the New Culture Movement and literary revolution together with Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao.
**When he was a librarian at Peking University, he often audited the school's courses, Hu Shi was the dean of liberal arts at Peking University at that time, teaching "History of Chinese Philosophy", and he was interested in philosophy and history.
After being recommended by Yang Changji, ** visited Hu Shi, who was about the same age as him at the time, but had already become famous for a long time, and the two conducted an in-depth exploration of the new cultural trend.
However, Hu Shi did not know how *** entered the Peking University Library, and later someone asked him in an interview whether he was the one who introduced *** to the Peking University Library, and Hu Shi's answer was:
"No, at that time, Zhang Xingyan (Zhang Shizhao) was the director of the Peking University Library, and Li Dazhao was the director. Zhang Xingyan is a native of Hunan, and it was probably Zhang and Li Dazhao who introduced him to him. ”Although in later years, ** always humbly called Hu Shi "student", Hu Shi did not recognize it.
Answering a reporter's question once, someone asked Hu Shi:
Not your student. ”
Hu Shi shook his head: **Not my student, he was just working in the library of Peking University at that time. ”
However, Hu Shi's next sentence caused a lot of discussions, he said that according to the level at that time, he would not be able to be admitted to Peking University.
On March 11, 1959, Hu Shi came into contact with *** poems published in the mainland, but after reading it, the evaluation was not high, and it was even written in his diary:
The words 'butterfly love flowers' that are praised by literati across the country are not a single sentence!“
However, then again, Hu Shi doesn't like *** poetry, but he has a lot of praise for the vernacular writing written by ***, and he once said such a sentence to the oral history writer Tang Degang:
"The reason why the best vernacular writing in the Communist Party is still the best writing is that 'my student *** did not fully follow the guidance of his 'teacher'. ”It is worth mentioning that Hu Shi has one thing that has a great impact on ***.
**At the beginning of his visit to Beijing, he was responsible for preparing to study in France, but because of family and various reasons, he did not go to France for work-study, but stayed in China.
But in 1920, ** suddenly gave up his plan to study abroad.
On March 14, 1920, ** explained the reason in a letter to his old friend Zhou Shizhao:
"I don't think there's a reason to study anywhere, and the word 'going abroad' is just a kind of 'mystery' for many people. ...I once asked Hu Shizhi and Li Shaoxi about this, and they both took my opinion as such, and Hu Shizhi also wrote a "Non-Study Abroad Chapter". Therefore, I would like to refrain from going abroad for the time being, and for the time being, I will study the outline of various studies in Japan. ”It is not difficult to see from this letter that Hu Shi advocated staying in China to study his own country's problems first, and ** thought it was very reasonable, so he later gave up his plan to study abroad.
However, Hu Shi is actually very interesting, because he himself came back from studying in the United States, and because of this experience, Hu Shi yearned for the kind of freedom and democracy in the United States.
There is no doubt that Hu Shi failed, and the reason for the failure was also given by himself.
And just a few months after writing a letter to Zhou Shizhao, ** found a new way, a way to save China.
**Later, he was unable to continue his "dream of studying abroad". Under the influence of Mr. Chen Duxiu and Mr. Li Dazhao, he developed a strong interest in Marxist theory
In 1920, "Chen in the south and Li in the north met to build the party", after which Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao respectively established the early party organizations of the Communist Party of China in Beijing and Shanghai. During that time, ** also often went to Shanghai to visit Chen Duxiu, under the influence of Chen Duxiu, ** returned to Hunan, and in November 1920 established the early party organization of the Communist Party in Hunan.
Among the countless roads, ** chose the one that is full of hope, but full of bumps.
In fact, under the influence of Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, Hu Shi also studied Marxism in his early years and spoke highly of it. Moreover, from an objective point of view, Hu Shih once played a positive role in the propaganda of Marxism. In July 1926, as a Chinese member of the Sino-British Advisory Committee, Hu Shih passed through the Soviet Union on his way to London, England to attend the plenary session of the committee, and was excited about the phenomenon displayed by the Soviet Union. For a long time, Hu Shih even planned to form a "liberal party" to implement socialist social policies.
However, Hu Shi eventually went against his friend.
Hu Shih's philosophy was against violent revolution, so after the forties, Hu Shih's propaganda was basically a liberal political philosophy.
Therefore, Hu Shih did not approve of either the violent revolution or the Kuomintang **. Chiang Kai-shek also had a headache for people like Hu Shih, who had considerable fame in society.
Interestingly, Hu Shi was later put on the spot by Chiang Kai-shek.
On March 29, 1948, the second National Congress was held in Nanjing headed by Chiang Kai-shek, and he was elected as a deputy and a deputy candidate.
Judging from the situation at that time, there is no doubt that Chiang Kai-shek is the only candidate for **, and later at the meeting, the representatives of all parties also proposed that Chiang Kai-shek be the ** candidate, but even at this time, Chiang Kai-shek wanted to stand up and put on a posture, he repeatedly stated that he was not the ** candidate, but should let a person outside the Kuomintang to run, and also proposed that people outside the party can be elected if they meet the following conditions:
"Be faithful to the Constitution and work hard to implement it;There is a democratic spirit;There is a nation-state mentality;He has a deep understanding of Chinese history and culture. ”Although Chiang Kai-shek did not name him, everyone present looked at Hu Shi unanimously, because when these conditions were carefully compared, it seemed that only he was the most suitable.
Hu Shi himself was unwilling to be an official, and he never even considered participating in the ** election.
Obviously, Chiang Kai-shek had his own purpose, and how could he be the only candidate in such a huge election?
In order to show Western countries, but also to show all parties in the country, Chiang Kai-shek deliberately put on a posture and sent Hu Shi to the position of the first candidate.
Of course, Chiang Kai-shek could not cede power to a disobedient person, but he still had to use it if he could use it.
After Chiang Kai-shek came to power, he wanted to form a cabinet as usual, and his preferred premier at that time was Zhang Qun, but among the candidates nominated at that time, He Yingqin was unexpectedly elected with a high vote, but He Yingqin also knew that the voting result did not meet Chiang Kai-shek's wishes, so he also resigned.
It is said that during the election of the president of the Executive Yuan, Huang Renyu stood up and asked:
Why don't you choose Hu Shi?”
However, Chiang Kai-shek replied coldly:
Scholars can't do things. ”
However, Chiang Kai-shek eventually sent someone to Peking to ask Hu Shih, because the currency reform adopted by Weng Wenhao, the later president of the Executive Yuan, did not alleviate inflation in the Kuomintang region.
But this time Hu Shi resolutely refused:
"I can be a **, but I can't be the executive dean. This constitution is neither a ** system nor a cabinet system. If I do this, I will nominate Mr. Chiang as the premier of the Executive Yuan, and create a constitution with a cabinet system. ”Although Zhang Qun later failed to serve as the premier as he wished, after Weng Wenhao, Sun Ke became the premier, which in some respects was in line with Chiang Kai-shek's wishes. Although in his heart, Hu Shi was unwilling to be Chiang Kai-shek's gunman, but in order to maintain what he believed in his heart as the foundation of the country, he still chose to side with Chiang Kai-shek.
Undoubtedly, Hu Shi's performance is indeed undignified in the eyes of the Chinese people.
Although Hu Shih's clumsy behavior damaged his reputation, for the Chinese Communist Party, it was unwilling to give up its attitude towards Hu Shih, and it continued until 1956.
Originated from being taught by Hu Shi back then, ** has always respected Hu Shi very much, and he must be called "your student" in several letters.
In January 1949, Qian Zhongshu and Yang Jiang were invited to Hu Shi's house as guests, and during the banquet, Hu Shi also mentioned one thing, ** had written a letter to him, which said "your student", but it was burned by Hu Shi.
However, Hu Shi did two things after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, but the Chinese Communist Party was a little disappointed in him.
On April 25, 1945, Hu Shi, as a national ** representative to the United Nations General Assembly in San Francisco, had a dialogue with Dong Biwu, who was then a representative of the Communist Party of China.
Before Dong Biwu went to the United States, ** instructed him to have a long talk with Hu Shi, hoping that he could stand on the side of the Chinese revolution and support the ideas of the Communist Party of China, but Hu Shi moved out of the inaction doctrine of "Huainanzi" and persuaded the Communist Party of China in turn
"Abandon the armed forces, engage in purely party activities, and participate in elections as the second largest party in the country. ”Hu Shi has not said more than once that he hopes that the Chinese Communist Party will abandon its armed forces.
In July 1945, six people, including Fu Sinian, Huang Yanpei, Zhang Bojun, Chu Fucheng and Zuo Shunsheng, members of the democratic parties of the National Council for Political Participation, visited Yan'an.
Among the six people at that time, Fu Sinian was a student of Hu Shi, so *** also asked Fu Sinian to say hello to his teacher Hu Shi in the United States in the name of the student.
However, what is surprising is that among the entourage, Huang Yanpei, Zhang Bojun and others all praised the situation in Yan'an, but only Fu Sinian had a completely different attitude from everyone else, and also called *** aggressive". Fu Sinian wrote what he saw and heard in Yan'an and his impressions of *** into the article and sent it to Hu Shi in the United States.
Influenced by this article, Hu Shi sent a telegram to Yan'an in New York on August 24:
"Mr. Runzhi: I saw that Brother Fu Mengzhen conveyed my brother's greetings to Hu Shizhi, and I was grateful for the old good, and I couldn't miss it. On the eve of the previous year, he had a deep discussion with Brother Dong Biwu, who earnestly stated his contempt, believing that it is appropriate for the leaders of the Communist Party of China to examine the world situation today, cherish China's future, strive to forget the past, look forward to the future, make up their minds, renounce force, and prepare to build a ...... for China's second largest political party without relying on armsAt the beginning of the founding of the United States, Jefferson fought peacefully for more than ten years, and the Democratic Party, which he founded, took power in the fourth election. Looking at the British Labour Party 50 years ago, it only won 44,000 votes, but as a result of peaceful struggle, it has won 12 million votes this year, becoming the overwhelming majority of the party. Both of these things are food for thought. The CPC has become the second largest party today, and if it can persevere in endurance and perseverance, it will develop peacefully in the future, and its future is limitless. You can't just be too small to bear and destroy yourself!”At this point, ** has been disappointed with Hu Shi's performance.
During the Pingjin Battle in December 1948, Chiang Kai-shek spared no effort to send people to win over Hu Shi, although the Communist Party of China still expressed enough goodwill to Hu Shi, and even *** responded that as long as Hu Shi did not leave, he could be the president and librarian of Peking University, but Hu Shi always had a cold attitude.
On December 16, Hu Shih arrived in Nanjing on a plane arranged by Chiang Kai-shek.
After Hu Shih arrived in Nanjing, he also actively cooperated with the Kuomintang to draw up a list of "rescues." In Hu Shih's view, he could not sit idly by and watch these friends "suffer."
Although the Kuomintang authorities were already edifice at that time, they were about to collapse.
Chiang Kai-shek was naturally aware of his own crisis, so he needed Hu Shih even more, because as long as there was Hu Shih, he could win enough sympathy from intellectuals at home and abroad for him.
On January 8, 1949, Chiang Kai-shek invited Hu Shi to dinner at his official residence, during which he strongly persuaded Hu Shi to go to the United States.
According to Chiang Kai-shek's "instructions", Hu Shi first went to Shanghai, dealt with some things, and then boarded the "Cleveland **" to the United States to go to the United States, it is worth mentioning that six years later, Qian Xuesen and other 24 scholars who studied in the United States later took this ship back to China.
The same ship, but the people are different, which makes people sigh.
After Hu Shi left, the Chinese Communist Party considered whether to include Hu Shi in the list of war criminals.
On December 25, 1948, Xinhua News Agency announced a list of 43 first-class war criminals, but Hu Shih's name was not included in this list.
However, according to Gong Yuzhi, an expert in the study of party history, on January 20, 1949, a telegram to celebrate the victory of the Huaihai Campaign, which was revised by ***, pointed out:
"There are still ...... first-class war criminals in Nanjingand other heinous people, such as Hu Shi, Zheng Jiemin, Ye Xiufeng and others, trying to continue to do evil. ”Hu Shi has become a "heinous **" by this time.