Speaking of the first person in the Three Kingdoms, although there is no final conclusion, in the public's impression he is just one of Cao Cao, Guo Jia, Zhuge Liang, Yu Xun, Liu Bei, Sun Quan, Zhou Yu and others. During the Three Kingdoms period, these people were powerful and left one legend after another, which is still interesting.
However, in the eyes of historical celebrities such as Wang Fuzhi and Qian Mu, Guan Ning, one of the descendants of Guan Zhong in the Spring and Autumn Period, was the first person in the Three Kingdoms, and was more powerful than Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao, and Liu Bei. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Fuzhi and modern Qian Mu were both historical celebrities. Why do they speak so highly of Guan Ning?
Regarding Guan Ning and his people, the historical evaluation is rare and applauded, among which Wang Fuzhi and Qian Mu have the highest evaluation.
In "Reading through the Commentary", Wang Fuzhi believes: "The world of the Three Kingdoms at the end of the Han Dynasty is not something that Liu, Sun, and Cao can hold, nor can Xun Yue and Zhuge Kongming hold. ”
Modern Qian Mu said in the "Outline of National History": "There is a Zhuge that can make the Three Kingdoms shine on future generations like the two Han Dynasty." And there is still a man, called Guan Ning. Starting from Liaodong, the old returned to the Middle Earth, suction wells and farming, and Cao Cao could not summon it. Later generations respected it and said that it was still above Zhuge . Zhuge is a political figure after all, although he has done his best, but after his death, he will not help the chaos of the world. Guan Ning is a grassy character, although the times are turbulent, the society must retain a perfect person. Then this society is not completely bad, and there is still hope for the future. ”
In the eyes of Wang Fuzhi and Qian Mu, Guan Ning is the first person in the Three Kingdoms. The reason why it is evaluated like this is because in the troubled times of the Three Kingdoms, Guan Ning is noble and perfect, and a perfect person in the collapse of the world is like a dawn in the darkness, bringing hope to the future, and it will not make people feel that the Three Kingdoms are all "villains". Although Zhuge Liang and the others did their best, they did not help save the world.
Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang and others, who are known for their benevolence and righteousness in history, are actually not benevolent. One area that little attention has been paid to is that both Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang are pushing for a large number of virtual currencies "direct 15 baht". To put it simply, it is to forcibly stipulate that a dollar coin is worth 100 yuan, which can only be issued by Shu State**. At that time, it was undoubtedly a naked plundering of people's wealth, which was very unkind. Therefore, the Three Kingdoms are not beautiful, but an era of evil deeds.
So, in the Three Kingdoms era of world chaos, impermanence of life and death, and full of villains, how did Guan Ning become a perfect person in Qian Mu's eyes?
Guan Ning, a native of Anqiu, Shandong, assisted Qi Huan in the Spring and Autumn Period to dominate the name of the Zhongzhong, and his life experience was extraordinary. However, despite Guan Ning's posterity, Guan Ning has been very depressed for thousands of years. At the age of 16, Guan Ning lost his father, and his brothers sympathized with his loneliness and poverty, so they gave some funeral expenses, but Guan Ning "refused to accept everything and called wealth death", using his own financial resources for his father.
As an adult, Guan Ning became friends with Hua Hin, a native of the plains, and Bingyuan, a native of the same county, and often studied abroad together, and had a common idol Chen Ao. At that time, Guan Ning, Hua Hin, and Bingyuan were called "one dragon", Hua Hin was the dragon's head, Bingyuan was the dragon's belly, and Guan Ning was the dragon's tail.
There is a well-known story about Guan Ning and Hua Hin. According to the record of "The World Says New Words and Virtue", Guan Ning and Hua Hin were hoeing grass in the vegetable garden and suddenly dug up a piece of gold, Guan Ning was indifferent, Hua Hin happily picked it up and threw it away. Guan Ning and Hua Hin sat on the same mat and went to school Xi. One day, Guan Ning was indifferent. Hua Hin put down the book and went out to read. After that, Guan Ning and Hua Hin sat separately and said, "You are not my friend. This is the origin of the allusion to the severance of relations. However, "The New Language of the World" is a note from the Southern Dynasty**, so "Cutting Seats and Breaking Diplomatic Relations" may just be a story designed to promote good character and highlight Guan Ning's perfect virtues, rather than real history.
After Dong Zhuo entered Beijing, the world began to be in turmoil. At this time, many people began to go south or north to avoid disasters, such as Xu Shu went south to Jingzhou to avoid disasters and met Zhuge Liang;Yu Xun went north to Jizhou to avoid disasters and lived under Yuan Shao for a while. Although Guan Ning was far away from his hometown at this time and went north to Liaodong, it was not to avoid disasters.
The reason why Guan Ning chose Liaodong was because he heard that Liaodong Taishou Gongsun Du was carrying out government decrees overseas, so he came to prepare for education. After Guan Ning came to Liaodong, Gongsun Du personally arranged all the reception work, preparing to make Guan Ning feel at home. However, after Guan Ning saw Gongsun Du, he only talked about the Confucian classics, not the world.
After that, Guan Ning lived in the valley "because the mountain is the house, and the chisel is the room", and explains the "Book of Songs" and "Book of Books" every day to tell about the educational work such as sacrifices, rectification of prestige, and courtesy. According to the records of the "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms", the place where Guan Ning lived "all the people who took refuge across the sea came to live, and the city became a city in October", and people were willing to accept Guan Ning's teachings, and Guan Ning was even more loved by people.
Guan Ning doesn't give Gongsun Du face, but the Gongsun Du family attaches great importance to Guan Ning. After Cao Cao ordered the princes, he repeatedly recruited Guan Ning as an official, but Sun Kang, the son of Gongsun Du, intercepted the edict and did not tell Guan Ning. When Gongsun Kang was about to become king, he wanted to grant Guan Ning an official position, hoping that Guan Ning could help him, but "in the end he didn't dare to speak, he was very afraid" because he was afraid of Guan Ning and didn't dare to say it in the end. was so frightened that a person who was decisively killed and ready to be the king didn't even dare to say anything about inviting Guan Ning to be an official, which shows how terrible Guan Ning's "righteousness" is.
Guan Ning lived in Liaodong for 37 years and did not return to his hometown until his later years. At this time, Guan Ning became more famous, and was recruited by Cao Pi and Cao Rui many times.
In 223, Emperor Wen of Wei, Cao Pi, ordered the ministers of the public to recommend a hermit who was a lone maverick, and **Xin recommended Guan Ning. Cao Pi ordered Guan Ning to be a doctor in Taizhong and took over Ning with an car, but Guan Ning insisted on resigning and did not accept it. The so-called "Anche" is for the old senior ** and ladies. The senior ** told the old to return home or recruit hopefuls, and often gave them a car.
In 226, after being succeeded by Emperor Cao Rui of Wei Ming, he was appointed Lieutenant of Hua Hin. Hua Hin asked for his resignation and was willing to give up his position as lieutenant to Guan Ning. Cao Rui disagreed, but he still ordered Guan Ning to be summoned as Guangluxun. At that time, Sikong Chen Qun also recommended Guan Ning. However, Guan Ning claimed to be a reckless person and refused to budge.
During Cao Rui's reign, Guan Ning's orders were endless, and he often sent cattle wine in August. Due to Guan Ning's repeated refusals, Cao Rui finally couldn't help but ask the local parents: "Is Guan Ning self-respecting or old and sick?"In the end, it was concluded that this was Guan Ning's ambition. "This Ning's ambition must be to do what he wants, not to remain noble. "He didn't mean to be hypocritical to show his nobility.
In 241, the ministers recommended Guan Ning to Cao Fang. Cao Fang ordered him to be hired as an official, with the etiquette of "Anche Pulun, Tie Silk and Seal", but Guan Ning just died at the age of 84. This may be the only call that Guan Ning failed to refuse.
As for the evaluation of Guan Ning by historical celebrities, we might as well take a look at three: Huan Fan, a celebrity of the Three Kingdoms, said, "In the turbidity, fulfill the clean festival, insist on being vulgar enough, and the breeze is enough to correct the world". Chen Qun praised him for being "thrifty enough to be turbid, chastity enough to correct time", and Cao Rui praised him for being "pure and old enough, honest enough to live in this world". It can be seen that, judging from Guan Ning's experience and morality, he grew up in the quagmire of the Three Kingdoms, but was spotless, which was unanimously recognized at the time.
Although Guan Ning did not have Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao, Zhou Yu and other military exploits, he always adhered to his heart. Although his character may seem useless, a country without a moral benchmark is pathetic, especially during the Three Kingdoms period, and a saint like Guan Ning is enough to keep people from despairing, which shows that the Three Kingdoms are not a completely depraved era. As Qian Mu said above: "Guan Ning is a grassy character, although the times are turbulent, the society must retain a complete person." Then this society is not completely bad, and there is hope for the future. ”
Therefore, although Zhuge Liang, Guo Jia, Zhou Yu, Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Sun Quan and others rebuked Fang Zhu, they exacerbated the suffering of the people and made the world worse. Only a character like Guan Ning can make the world a better place. Perhaps in view of this, Wang Fuzhihui thinks that Guan Ning is the only person who can "hold" Qian Muhui believes that Guan Ning is still above Zhuge Liang for the characters under the Three Kingdoms at the end of the Han Dynasty.
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