In Western academic circles, a mysterious civilization, the Sumerians, was once proclaimed as the founders of human civilization. However, the rise of this mysterious group hides more unsolved mysteries.
There has been widespread controversy among historians around the world about the origin of mankind. In the absence of detailed information about the history from 5,000 to 1 million years ago, our understanding is almost limited to the 5,000-year-old era created by human civilization. And when it comes to prehistory, we still know very little. This lack of knowledge has led people in various regions to look for discoveries or perspectives to support the scholarly views of their own civilization or research, making the understanding of this period of history confusing. In this process, correctness no longer seems to be the most important thing, and the intensity of propaganda instead determines the mainstream perception.
For example, the West's view of human origins as migration from Africa and the mainstream of this view of the world is not entirely tenable according to many archaeological finds. Similarly, the evolutionary hypothesis that human ancestors are defined as primates lacks a corresponding historical basis. The West's study of Homer's epic poems as oral history ignores the possible historicity of Chinese stories such as the King of a Hundred Birds, Nuwa Mending the Heavens, and Shennong Tasting a Hundred Herbs.
The two river basins, the two tributaries of the Tigris and Euphrates, form a fertile plain suitable for farming. The splendid Babylonian civilization was born here, and it has long been the core of the entire West Asian region. What is less well known, however, is that there are two major civilizations in the valley of the Two Rivers. Among them, the Babylonian civilization in the Akkadian region was at its peak and famous;Another civilization arose relatively early in the lower reaches of the two river basins, at the mouth of the Shatt al-Arab, in present-day Kuwait and eastern Iraq. The founders of this civilization were the highly acclaimed Sumerians.
The Sumerians and Babylonians differed markedly in appearance, size, race, and civilization. According to archaeological discoveries, as early as 6,000 years ago, the Sumerians had established a city-state system, which was still in the stage of tribal system compared with the Chinese civilization of the same era. They were one of the first civilizations in the world to build cities. These city-states grew over a thousand years later, forming their own dominions, and began wars of annexation.
Around 2900 BCE, the kingdom of your became the overlord of the small Sumerian kingdomsAround 2500 BC, the kingdom of Lagash unified most of the Sumerian and Akkadian regions. After that, the Sumerians basically unified the two river basins.
Presumably, the Sumerians invented cuneiform writing, which was written on clay tablets with reed tubes and then dried for preservation. This script is thought to be the ancestor of later scripts such as Akkadian and Babylonian. Western historians believe that many of the achievements of ancient Babylonian civilization were laid as early as the reign of Sumer. Thus, many aspects of Babylonian culture extend beyond the Sumerian civilization.
One of the greatest Sumerian achievements was the Code of Your-Nam, hailed as the first legal code in human history. However, the discovery process was fraught with controversy, and the historiographers overthrew the Code of Hammurabi in order to claim the title of the earliest legal code in history, and put this incomplete manuscript on the stage of history.
With the rise of the Sumerian civilization, they became one of the earliest civilizations in the valley of the two rivers, transcending traditional historical perceptions. However, with this comes a lot of speculation about the chronicle of Sumerian civilization. According to historical records, the Sumerians declined after nearly two thousand years of power, and were eventually conquered by the Semites, and the civilization gradually declined, eventually disappearing.
However, the controversy over the origin of the Sumerians remains unsettled to this day. Historiography still does not have a clear answer as to where the Sumerians came from. Some researchers have suggested that they may have been a branch of the Semitic people, an isolated tribe whose language was similar to that of the Semites. This view holds that the Sumerians did not achieve much and were only an autonomous tribe under Semitic rule.
The advent of the Sumerian civilization shook the traditional notion of history. The achievements of the Sumerian civilization even surpassed Egypt and ancient Babylon in some respects, which challenged traditional historical perceptions. However, the full development of this sudden super-civilization raises questions. In addition, the achievements of the Sumerians in mathematics are incredible. While the Sumerians' breakthroughs in mathematics were far ahead of other ancient civilizations, this sudden development raised more questions.
Western historiography has a vague understanding of the Sumerians and their whereabouts, which has led to a large number of false speculations. Researchers of Sumerian civilization have even turned their gaze across the globe in an attempt to connect the Sumerians with the newly discovered civilization. This behavior is similar to the historical act of touching porcelain, but the Sumerians themselves may not have expected it.
Regarding the real Sumerians, their existence is undoubtedly real, but their achievements may be misled by some historians. It is likely that they were just a regional tribal civilization, similar to the ancient tribes of the East. The truth about the Sumerian civilization may always be a mystery for historians.
The Sumerian Civilization: Historical Suspense and Enlightenment.
This article on Sumerian civilization delves into the origin, development, and demise of this mysterious civilization, and provokes some reflections on historical Xi and interpretation.
First, the article mentions the dilemma of historiography in relation to the origins of mankind and ancient civilizations. Due to the lack of adequate information, prehistory becomes a field of speculation. This uncertainty has led to controversy and hypotheses about the Sumerian civilization and other ancient civilizations. We need more archaeological discoveries and accurate evidence to fill this gap.
Second, the article also mentions the diversity of interpretations of history. Different regions and different scholars may support the representativeness or importance of a civilization based on their own findings and opinions. This subjectivity is opposed to the objective interpretation of history, and it also raises some questions about the scientific nature of history.
The article also points out that the achievements of Sumerian civilization in various fields, such as mathematics, agriculture, medicine, etc., go beyond traditional understanding. This transcendence raises doubts about the authenticity of Sumerian civilization. Their achievements in mathematics far surpassed those of other civilizations of the same period, which led to the question of whether they had some kind of "philosophical system" to support them. This all-round development and sudden transcendence also raised questions about the height of Sumerian civilization.
Finally, the article mentions different speculations about where the Sumerians went. This uncertainty has forced historians to try to connect the Sumerians with other civilizations around the globe in an attempt to find a home for this vanished civilization. This act of "touching porcelain" also reflects a trend in historical research to link new discoveries to known civilizations, perhaps to fill in historical gaps, but it may also mislead us about the true perception of history.
Overall, this article explores Sumerian civilization while also showing the challenges and dilemmas of the study of ancient civilizations. It provokes thinking about the interpretation of history, and suggests that we should be more objective and prudent in our study of history, and constantly look for new evidence and support to understand the development and evolution of ancient civilizations more accurately.
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