As an important carrier of history education in the Song Dynasty, the academy gained development space in the Song Dynasty with its own school-running characteristics, but due to the multiple influences of internal and external factorsIt presents different stage characteristics. Among them, in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, in the face of the huge demand for the imperial examination and the dilemma that the government could not provide a place to study, the history education of the academy presented the characteristics of serving the imperial examination.
In the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, as the country stabilized and steadily implemented measures such as the Xing Movement, the seowon changed its teaching focus and began to be in the academy founded by physicistsWe will provide history education centered on academic research. In the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the decline of official schools, the history education of the academy was promoted to shoulder the dual mission of academic research and examination at the same time.
The "Collection of Official Documents of Mr. Zhu Wen of Mr. Hui'an" records: "The teachings of the previous generations of the Xuan Dynasty were not cultivated, and the scholars were sick and had nothing to learn, so they often chose places of attraction and set up fine houses, thinking that they were places to live in groups and Xi." And those who are in power are or praise it, if this mountain, if Yuelu, if Bailu and so on. ”In the early Northern Song Dynasty, government education was sluggish, which prompted the academy to become an important supplement to government education. Zhu Xi believes that the reason why the academy was able to achieve great development in the Song Dynasty was that the scholars under the influence of the imperial examination were actively learningHowever, the government could not meet the needs of students, and the imperial court was unable to run schools at that time, so it promoted the running of academies through measures of encouragement and praise, so a large number of academies showed a trend of rapid development in this context.
In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the development of academies was not mature enough, and the curriculum was mainly designed to meet the needs of society. At that time, the ruler hoped to be able to pass the imperial examinationThe selection of talents conducive to the construction of the country began to strengthen the imperial examination system, coupled with the fame and fortune brought by the imperial examination, but also greatly stimulated the determination and desire of the scholars at that time, so it set off a wave of participation in the imperial examination to become an official in the society.
Therefore, satisfying the needs of the imperial examination became the focus of history education in the academy during this period. According to the books given by the imperial court to the academy at that time, it can be found that the teaching content of the academy during this period was mainly based on the Nine Classics. From the perspective of the content contained in the Nine Classics, it can be found that whether it is the "Three Rites" or the "Three Transmissions", or the "Zhou Yi", "Shangshu" and "Book of Songs", they are all historical documents that reflect the ancient social politics, culture and canonical system, and the Nine Classics have become an important teaching material for the academy to carry out history education.
In addition, in the Northern Song Dynasty, the entrance examination also reflected the emphasis on historical Xi. Because Song Taizong, Song Zhenzong and others are very fond of poetry and songsThis is reflected in the imperial examination, which is manifested in the Jinshi examination to win with poetry, because the study of Xi history is conducive to improving the candidates' poetry writing level, and the establishment of the "three history" subjects and the "three transmissions" subject in the imperial examination directly reflects the examination of historical knowledge, which greatly stimulates the learning Xi of historical knowledge among the majority of scholars.
While providing a place for scholars to study and Xi, the academy also has outstanding teaching achievements, which has prompted many academy students to succeed in the imperial examinationThis achievement has also continued to increase the reputation and influence of the college. For example, when Qi Tongwen was lecturing in Suiyang Study, many people came here to study because of his profound knowledge.
Some of these successful candidates in the imperial examinations also went to the Taiwan Cabinet. Therefore, the success of the teaching of the College has also prompted more people to use the College as a place of Xi for admission to the University and the first placeFor example, the brothers Song Qi and Song Qi studied in Zhitai Academy and Cherry Academy in Fenning respectively, and Tiansheng Chu Tongju Jinshi and so on. It can be seen that while the academy has provided high-quality talents for the imperial examination, it has also improved its status and influence in society.
After the implementation of a series of measures by the imperial court in the early Song Dynasty, all aspects of society were gradually brought back to the right track, and during this period, the country also saw the shortcomings of academy education in terms of talent training, and then began to develop official education. Some of the measures taken in the process of resuming government education have also had an impact on the living environment of college education to a certain extent. With the rise of science, the college also began to change its teaching focus, that is, to pursue academic research as its academic purpose.
In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, due to the encouragement and praise of the imperial court in education policy, the academy showed a good development trend. But the power of private schools is limited after allIt was difficult for the academy to make a big breakthrough in the scale and number of schools, and some people of insight at that time gradually realized that these people who participated in the imperial examination could not have a comprehensive understanding of their knowledge, conduct and talents by preparing their own homework.
"Fan Wenzheng Gongji" recorded: "Dunzhi uses "poems", "books", "rites" and "music" to distinguish them with literature and faithfulness, and there must be good instruments for the state”Therefore, some people have suggested that the revival and establishment of government schools is a good solution to this problem, because they believe that after the establishment of government schools, students can be tested for their conduct, knowledge, and talents during their studiesIn turn, we can make up for the shortcomings of the college, and finally be able to select talents with real talents for the country. Fan Zhongyan also held such a view here, so under the advocacy of these people of insight represented by Fan Zhongyan, the Northern Song Dynasty began a vigorous movement to establish government schools.
In order to promote the development of government education, the Northern Song Dynasty has experienced three major movements, and in each of them, measures have been taken that are conducive to the development of government education. For example, in the Qingli Xingxue, it was stipulated that if scholars wanted to participate in the imperial examination, they must receive 300 days of education in the official school, and if they did not enter the official school, they would not be eligible to take the examination. It can be seen that receiving a certain period of government education is a prerequisite for having the qualification to participate in scientific examinations, which has promoted the development of government education to a certain extent.
The measures of the Second Movement stipulated that the imperial examination should be replaced by the entrance examination of the official school. That is to say, the national selection of talents will no longer pass the imperial examination, but will be changed to the promotion examination in the official schoolThis has increased people's enthusiasm for studying in the government. However, this measure is a fatal blow to private education, because once this regulation is implemented, the academy will lose a large number of students who have entered the academy because of the imperial examination, and the impact of the decline in the number of students in the academy is the decline of the academy education.
The third measure of the establishment of schools was to completely abolish the imperial examinations and implement them in schools, and to reward and punish the degree of contribution of local officials to the establishment of schools. To a certain extent, this has attracted the attention of the society, both students and all levels of **, to government schools. Zhu Xi once wrote that after the implementation of various measures conducive to the development of government and education, the academy was gradually excluded from the talent training system and gradually declined.
The orientation of the national education policy has reversed the dominant position of government schools and academies in talent training. From the beginning of the Xing ** Movement to the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, although the number of academies increased compared with the early Song DynastyBut its status and influence are nowhere near what they once were. Some of these academies were no longer supported by the imperial court's funding for running schools, and they gradually evolved into government schools in order to survive and develop.
Although the status and influence of some academies are not as good as before, they are also developing slowly, and the focus of the academies has also changed as the students of the imperial examination have transferred to official schoolsThe emergence of this change was mainly due to the emergence of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, and the academy attracted a large number of neo-Confucians with its free school-running characteristics and used it as a base for disseminating ideas, and these neo-Confucians also promoted the transformation of the academy to a certain extent.
After the transformation, the college has made it clearer about its goal of running the school, that is, "advocating Taoism". Although students can also take the imperial examination by studying Xi academyHowever, after the transformation, the seowon opposed those who studied Xi for the sake of the imperial examination. History education is still a subject that they attach great importance to in their teaching. For example, when the historian and physicist Sima Guang gave a lecture at Songyang Academy, he not only carried out history education, but also completed a part of the "Zizhi Tongjian" here.
After experiencing the development process of the Northern Song Dynasty from prosperity to decline, the academy gained the opportunity for rapid development in the Southern Song Dynasty. According to research statistics, the total number of academies in the Southern Song Dynasty is 442It is 6 times the total number of academies in the Northern Song Dynasty and more than 3 times the total number of academies in the 500 years of the Northern Song Dynasty in the Tang Dynasty. As for the reasons for the rapid development of the colleges, a review of historical materials shows that the decline of government schools is the driving force for the rapid development of the colleges.
"Mr. Hui'an Zhu Wen's Official Document Collection" records: "The so-called too scholar, but it is the field of sound and profit......Those who have aspirations and righteousness have nothing to learn, and those who come from them are just to solve the abuse of quotas and the selfishness of choice. ”Although in the Northern Song Dynasty, in order to reverse the gap between government schools and academies in talent training, three revitalization actions were implemented, but the three revitalization schools failedWhat has survived is only the form of the school, and the teaching content is empty and useless. This kind of official education is full of drawbacks, which can neither cultivate talents for the country to build and rejuvenate the country, nor can it meet the scholars' Xi goal of seeking the reality of "virtue and Taoism", so the academy has become a place for scholars to study and study.
Faced with the huge ** of the imperial examination, coupled with the shortcomings of the official school itself, many bachelor's degree seekers choose the academy for XiTherefore, the academy shoulders the task of providing high-quality talents for the imperial examination. At that time, in order to meet the needs of the students of the imperial examination, some academies specially opened history courses and conducted regular examinations.
If there are those who do not teach in the course of teaching, the college will not set up a fast, which is enough to show that the college is strict with its students in the process of history education. Mingdao Academy also clearly stipulates in its regulations the time for students to study history and the time for answering students' questions.
Most academies paid attention to the teaching of classics and history, which also confirms the fact that the imperial examinations at that time focused on students' understanding of classics and history. That's enough to say,At that time, the curriculum and education implementation of the academy not only met the needs of talents for the imperial examination, but also made up for the shortcomings of official education, which was a pioneer form of education in ancient China.
In the course of development, the history education of the Song Dynasty Academy is not static, but in a dynamic development process. During this period, he was deeply influenced by factors such as the guidance of national policies, the rise and fall of government and education, the promotion of scholars and the satisfaction of the needs of the in-depth development of science. Due to the different degrees of the comprehensive effect of various influencing factors in different periods, the college has shown the characteristics of attaching importance to academic pursuit and meeting social needs in the process of development, and has been able to develop steadily in a comprehensive balance.
1] Shen Yue. Book of Song