The late Neolithic period (2600 BC to 2000 BC) is represented by Chengziya (Longshan site) in Longshan Town, Licheng, Shandong, Rizhao Liangcheng site, Luoyang Wangwan culture in Henan, Shiyuan culture in Yulin, Shaanxi (Shiyuan people are the ancestors of the Zhou people), Xiangfen Taosi culture in Shanxi, Majiayao culture in Lintao, Gansu, Qujialing and Shijiahe culture in Hubei, and Liangzhu culture in Yuhang, Zhejiang. During this period, the level of social complexity continued to increase, with the emergence of primitive castles, city walls and large buildings, the division of classes, rich and poor, and the society moved towards the era of national civilization.
In the early stage of the Longshan period (around 2300 BC), the inheritor of the Dawenkou culture, the Longshan culture, invaded the Central Plains, and the land of China entered the Yushun era. This era corresponds to Yu Shun. Mencius said that Shun was born in Feng Zhu, moved to Negative Xia, died in Mingtiao, and the people of Dongyi were also. "Bamboo Book Chronicle" also records: Xi Yao was in decline and was imprisoned by Shun. Shun imprisoned Yao in Pingyang and took the throne. Shun imprisoned Yao, reinstated Saidan Zhu, so that he would not see his father. In other words, after Yao grew old, his prestige in the tribal alliance gradually decreased, so Shun took the opportunity to imprison Yao in Pingyang (the site of Tao Temple), and soon imprisoned Yao's son Danzhu, so that their father and son could not see each other, and finally seized the throne.
Yao saw that Shun's power was getting bigger and bigger, and he once wanted to win over Shun, and married his two daughters to Shun, in fact, he wanted to be close, but the role of harmony only lasted for a short period of time.
The invasion of the Longshan culture represented by Shun may not have been so fierce, and it could later evolve into the legend of Chan Rang (there are also history books that refer to Shun as the Yu Dynasty). Yao led part of the royal family to move from the Heluo area to Taosi and rebuild the dynasty in Taosi.
The ruins of the Tao Temple. Shun was a military strongman, and during his reign, the Longshan culture also expanded to the Guanzhong Plain, developing the Longshan culture of Shaanxi (the time span of the Longshan culture in Shaanxi was 2300-2000 BC). According to the "Book of Shang", Shun also conscripted Gonggong, Sanmiao, Kun and Huandou.
The place where Shun died is also disputed, and historical records record that Shun died in Cangwu on the way to the south and was buried in Jiuzhi Mountain. But Mencius said that Shun died in Mingtiao, and Cangwu was located in Mingtiao Mountain. Under the conditions at that time, it was unlikely that Shun Nan would conquer Hunan, and Mencius's statement should be more accurate. Of course, it is not excluded that Shun was driven away by Yu and died in a foreign land.
There are also many controversies in the place of Shundingdu, among which the more mainstream theory is Pusaka, that is, Shanxi Yuncheng, although far away from Shandong, but it is indeed the middle of the Guanzhong Basin and the Luoyang Basin, and occupies the Yanchi mine, which is indeed suitable as the capital.
However, Shun was not the ruler of Longshan culture. Shun was born as a commoner and lived in the middle of Yangshao and Longshan cultures (born in Feng Zhu, moved to Negative Xia, and Negative Xia is controversial in **, I think it is Puyang). Later, after Shun Daiyao, some descendants of the Shaohao tribe moved to the Guanzhong Plain, so the Qin people later worshipped Shaohao as a god.
The ruins of the stone ridge. During this period, in the Shaanxi region, in addition to the Tao Temple, the most famous site is also the stone pass, they are the descendants of the Tiger Mountain cultural group, and they are also the ethnic group that stayed in the local area after the Yellow Emperor moved south. In the beginning, Shiyuan and Taoji were not opposites, both of which were established 4,300 years ago, and around 4,100 years ago, the ancestors of Shiyuan invaded Taosi and became the rulers of Taosi. (This historical time is not recorded in the history books).
When the Shiyuan people invaded Taosi, the Central Plains was in a period of great floods, and the Central Plains region was too busy to take care of itself, so it was naturally powerless to fight back. However, the Shiyuan people also died out later, for unknown reasons, and Di Nan, the deputy leader of the Shiyuan archaeological team, speculated that it may have had nothing to do with foreign invasions, but to climate change.
The environmental reasons behind this may be climatological 42ka event. At that time, the large-scale cold wave reduced the grain production of Shiyuan, degraded the land, and the huge pressure of survival forced the people of Shiyuan to go all the way south, and finally occupied Taosi.
In the late Longshan period, the Chinese completely domesticated soybeans, and wheat was introduced to China through Central Asia and northern Xinjiang, and the Chinese's five grains (rice, millet, wheat, millet, and soybean (beans)) were finally complete.
4.After 2 ka, the temperature rose again, so that at the end of the Longshan period, the land of China entered a flood-prone period, and the civilizations in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River embarked on different development paths. The Yellow River basin needs to be controlled by Dayu, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are deeply affected, and social development has come to a standstill, which has also led to the Central Plains and the northern region catching up and starting a new round of civilization development, and then forming a historical trend centered on the Central Plains, which has become the basis for China's historical development.