100 years ago, mankind applied aviation anti-submarine tactics in World War I, and it was in 1917 that the British Royal Navy used hydrophones on aircraft to detect submarines for the first time in anti-submarine warfare. Since then, aviation anti-submarine has become an important anti-submarine tactic and a natural enemy of submarines. In the recent hit military-themed movie "Greyhound", a German U-boat was sunk by a depth charge dropped by a fixed-wing anti-submarine aircraft.
Perhaps, one can never remember which genius first came up with a brilliant way to deal with submarines with airplanes, but the first recorded discussion of aviation anti-submarine began in 1911, and in October of one year, the British Tri-Services Society published an article in the journal **, they said that the British conducted several interesting tests in Cherbourg, during which the British used aircraft to search the location of submarines, and determined that the aircraft had the ability to search for submarines, which was much more efficient than **.
In 1912, a British naval captain named Williamson published an article entitled "The Use of Aircraft in Anti-Submarine Warfare", which began the actual systematic exploration of the use of aircraft to search and attack submarines. In this article, he made it clear that as long as the aircraft can fly at an altitude of 4000 feet, he can find a submarine of about 20 kilometers, and in a very short time, the submarine azimuth information can be sent to **, and once the submarine is discovered, it can only escape by diving, but the submarine after diving is less maneuverable, and the time of diving is limited, so it is very beneficial for other ** strike submarines.
In this book, Williamson proposes an epoch-making vision that is at least 50 years ahead of his time. He proposed that ** should also try to carry anti-submarine aircraft, and the position of anti-submarine aircraft should be ** In the sea area infested by the submarine, the anti-submarine aircraft can immediately take off to search for the submarine, after discovering the submarine, it can keep a distance from the submarine to avoid being shot down by the artillery on the submarine, and then the mother ship rushes to the incident area for anti-submarine, and if the submarine dives, the aircraft can reduce the altitude and drop depth charges at a low altitude of more than 10 meters to attack the submarine, the depth charge can be a bomb that uses a delay fuse, and at the same time reminds the mother ship of the position of the submarine.
It can be said that it was Williamson's exploration that laid the theoretical foundation for the modern warship and aircraft cooperative anti-submarine force, so that the British Royal Navy began to build aviation anti-submarine forces along Williamson's idea. After the outbreak of the First World War, Britain began to install hydrophones on large airships, so that the airships hovered above the water, and the hydrophones were stretched into the water for detection, these hydrophones were relatively rudimentary, but his use was very similar to the current hoisting sonar, which can be said to be a very forward-looking design, which is also the first time that human beings use mechanical equipment, rather than the human eye to provide a means of searching for submarines for aircraft.
Compared with Britain's 100-year exploration of aviation antisubmarine tactics, China's contact with aviation antisubmarine tactics is very late, at least 70 years later than Britain's, because China has experienced a long period of scientific and technological backwardness in modern times, and it has not caught up with the world's advanced level until recent years. In April 1984, China proposed for the first time to develop a carrier-based system, and the first stage was to carry out the transformation on the "Jinan" missile destroyer with the port number 105 under maintenance.
At that time, China's own military technology level had not yet developed and grown, and it had never carried an aircraft on any ship, so it had no experience to learn from. What's more, the 105 "Jinan" ship is in the 051 "Luda" class destroyer, the size and tonnage of this destroyer are very small, the ship space is limited, if you want to transform, you need to add a deck, the change is still very large, but also need to solve the power supply, ventilation, take-off and landing, mooring, maintenance, signal communication, command and other functional design, reserve the aircraft required aviation fuel, ammunition storage area, so there will be a great change in the overall design of the first, whether it can succeed at that time is bottomless.
Later, our scientific and technological personnel added a 148m 117m 4The 5-meter double hangar can park 2 Z-9C anti-submarine *** hangars are equipped with aviation command facilities, command lights and light landing systems are set up in hangar Shanghai, and the "Harpoon" system imported from France is used on the deck to mooring *** and the HT-1 type fast tethering rigging is used. The entire renovation project ended in March 1985, and in July of the same year, the "Jinan" ship re-entered service, becoming the first aircraft in China's navy that can carry aircraft, and this carrying is two, with a relatively considerable aviation operation capability, filling the gap in our army at the same time, but also opening the history of our aircraft cooperative operations and joint anti-submarine operations.
In 1990, China, which has been carrying out reform and opening up for 10 years, began to have a certain economic and scientific and technological foundation, and at that time, China began to explore the design of new destroyers, aiming at the highest level in the world, and at the same time, it also began to try to further improve its anti-submarine capabilities, especially aviation anti-submarine warfare capabilities. At that time, China began to build a new type of destroyer, the model is 052 type, he was completed and launched in June 1991, equipped with the T**ITAC combat command system imported from France and 8 "Sea Sidewinder" air defense missiles, but also used the United States production of LM2500 gas turbine, more importantly, he was equipped with an ESS-1 towed depth sonar system imported from France.
This sonar system is called DuBV-43 sonar in France, and it is a large, High-power towed deep sonar, towed length of 10-200 meters, the total weight of the towed body reached 10 tons, the transmission power of 96kw, active detection mode, the submarine has an accurate detection distance of more than 22 kilometers, in passive mode, the detection distance can reach about 100 kilometers, but it takes 50 kilometers to obtain the coordinate parameters of the submarine, at the same time, if two DuBV-43 sonars are used at the same time (two-ship coordination), then his detection range and accuracy can be improved.
The Type 052 missile destroyer was simply born for anti-submarine, he was the first destroyer in our country to use towed deep sonar, and the search capability for submarines once reached the world's leading level, at the same time, he also used the LM-2500-30 gas turbine, the speed change is very flexible, the maneuverability is greatly improved, the maximum speed of the Type 052 destroyer has reached 30 knots, this engine and the "King Kong" of the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force The engines used in the Aegis destroyers are the same, which shows that the high-end atmosphere of the Type 052 destroyer configuration is high-grade.
The Type 052 destroyer is equipped with a double hangar, which can also carry 2 Z-9C anti-submarine *** Speaking of which, in fact, China's first generation of anti-submarine *** has been mentioned twice, he is the Z-9C, ** in France's "Dolphin" ** After the introduction of China, it was imitated, and the original aircraft was produced by the French company Turbomeca "Arje" The 1M turboshaft engine was replaced with the domestic turboshaft-8 engine, and at the same time it was replaced with domestic avionics equipment, and after 2000, the HS-12 crane sonar system was also replaced, and then it was replaced with the SKD-95 crane sonar system.
The *** has 4 rotor blades, using carbon fiber to make the girder, the tail rotor of the aircraft uses a ducted design, so that his anti-torsional moment will be greater, the aircraft's carrying capacity is very good, under the highest density carrying conditions, it can even carry 13 passengers, which is not easy for this light aircraft of more than 4 tons. In addition, the Z-9C also carries VHF high-frequency communication equipment, navigation equipment, sonar buoys, radio compasses, transponders, ranging equipment, radars, landing systems, and other equipment, and can also carry two ET-52 anti-submarine torpedoes or Yu-7 torpedoes for combat.
Z-9C flight speed is faster, his maximum level flight speed reached 306 km h, which was very advanced at the time, cruising speed is also as high as 285 km h, his cruising speed has exceeded the maximum flight speed of the "Loudra" light *** jointly developed by India and Germany at that time, and their weight is about the same, the engine power is also close, it can be seen that Z-9C is more advanced in aerodynamic design, his maximum flight range is 860 km, as a carrier-based *** It's basically usable to use.
He uses an automated data processing and delivery system, as well as high-precision satellite circuitry that can relay the signals received by the processor to the aircraft via cables, and can be quickly transmitted to the mother ship. The crane sonar can also collect hydrological conditions, such as water temperature, pressure, water tightness and other signals, he searched for a submarine of 400-1200 tons at a depth of 100 meters, the active detection distance exceeded 10 kilometers, you know, the crane sonar is to determine the general orientation of the submarine, fly to the water area for detection, so the active signal distance of 10 kilometers is enough, and his ranging error does not exceed 20 meters.
The Z-9C has access to two types of anti-submarine torpedoes, the Yu-7 torpedo and the ET-52 torpedo. Yu-7 is a well-known American MK-46 torpedo, which was copied after China salvaged one in the South China Sea. The ET-52 torpedo was copied from the Italian A244S anti-submarine torpedo. In 1985, China imported 40 A244S torpedoes from Italy, as well as his supporting B-515S triple launcher, and later, China copied them and obtained the ET-52. Both the Yu-7 and ET-52 torpedoes have a range of about 6 km, and the anti-submarine *** can use torpedoes to force submarines underwater, and then attack with depth charges.
Although the Z-9C has provided our Navy with a modern carrier-based aviation anti-submarine force after it was put into service, it still has the problems of limited equipment and range, and its independent combat capability is poor. As a 4-ton Z-9C can only solve the problem, with the service of China's Navy aircraft carriers and the increase in the number of destroyers, the Z-9C can no longer meet the requirements of our army. With the advent of the large platform of the aircraft carrier, the Z-18, a 13-ton large aircraft, has also developed a special anti-submarine aircraft platform, that is, the Z-18F anti-submarine platform
He is equipped with a ZLC-1 search radar with a search range of more than 150 km for the sea and more than 50 km for submarine periscopes, and since he can search ships, he can even be used as a "simplified" early warning ***. His nose position is equipped with an optoelectronic beachhead and a magnetic detector, and 32 sonar buoy delivery devices are arranged in the tail, which is more than the 25 sonar buoys of the well-known American SH-60 "Sea Hawk" anti-submarine ***, he can carry 4 Yu-7 anti-submarine torpedoes for combat, and can also use Tianlong-10 anti-ship missiles for anti-ship attacks, so it can hit submarines that have surfaced, as well as small ** targets.
However, the Z-18F still has the problem of being too large, except for aircraft carriers, amphibious assault ships, and dock landing ships, the rest of the destroyers and frigates cannot carry him. To this end, China has developed a Z-20 naval anti-submarine on the basis of a new generation of Z-20 general-purpose *** He uses a turboshaft-10 engine as a power, a single power has been increased to 1600kw, and the payload capacity has been further improved, he is equipped with a variety of equipment such as magnetic detectors, navigation devices, pulse Doppler radars, data links, etc., and the range and speed have been greatly improved, so it has also become the main carrier of China's 055 large destroyer and the new 052DL destroyer
Of course, these are future-oriented carrier-based aviation anti-submarine forces, and in the 90s of the last century, China's initial exploration of aviation anti-submarine era, "Jinan" ship, Type 052 destroyer, Z-9C, they have become the earliest anti-submarine support in my fan's heart, although China's aviation anti-submarine exploration started very late, but through continuous efforts, China finally caught up with the world's advanced level, and now, Z-18F, The emergence of the Haizhi-20 and even the shore-based high-tech -6 anti-submarine patrol aircraft has raised China's aviation anti-submarine combat capability to the world's first-class levelLet's wait and see.