Pottery armor equestrian figurines unearthed from the cemetery in Beicheng Village Courtesy of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage.
The beast-face-shaped jade ornaments unearthed from the site of the lower station Courtesy of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage.
On December 21, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage held a regular press conference for the fourth quarter, focusing on important archaeological discoveries and the latest scientific research achievements from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the Sui and Tang dynasties, and informing the important progress of four major projects of "Archaeological China", including the site of Xiazhan in Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, the cemetery of Beicheng Village in Xixian New District, Shaanxi Province, the cemetery of Qinjiazui in Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, and the ruins of Dutou Ancient City in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province.
The site of the next station: the remains of the national sacrifice that lasted for 600 years.
The site of the lower station is located in Chencang District, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, on the plateau on the south bank of the Wei River at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains, with a total area of about 230,000 square meters, and more than 1,400 sacrificial relics have been found.
The major affairs of the country are in worship and Rong. The sacrificial tradition is the sacrificial tradition of Qin, which began when the Qin Dynasty was established by Xianggong. Since the beginning of Qin Wengong, the Qin and Han dynasties successively set up the Yan Di, Mi Di, Wuyang Shangqi, Wuyang Xiaqi and Beiqi in Yong (now Baoji area), respectively to worship the White Emperor, the Qing Emperor, the Yellow Emperor, the Yan Emperor and the Black Emperor, and the history is called "Yongwu Di". The literature also records that the sacrificial "four horses" and "four yellow calf lambs" are consistent with the archaeological discovery of four young horses buried at the bottom of the horse pit and four young individuals buried in the sheep pit.
According to You Fuxiang, a research librarian of the National Museum of China, according to the "Historical Records" and other documents and the information such as the "secret" character pottery unearthed in the site, it is basically confirmed that the site of the lower station is a secret site set up in the fourth year of Qin Xuangong (672 BC). From the establishment of 672 B.C. to the abolition of the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the use time is as long as more than 600 years, is the most complete physical material for the study of the pre-Qin to the Western Han Dynasty sacrifice system and its evolutionAt present, various sacrificial relics of different eras have been discovered, and the staging chronometer of the national sacrificial relics of the Qin and Han dynasties has been preliminarily established.
The site of Xiazhan is the most clear, longest-lasting and most well-preserved national sacrificial relics of the Qin and Han dynasties found in China, revealing the evolution process of sacrificial relics and utensils in different periods of the Qin State, after the unification of Qin and the Han Dynasty in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and systematically showing the historical process of the development of China's ancient Chinese sacrificial system and China's traditional ritual culture.
Jiao Nanfeng, a researcher at the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, said that although the sacrifice of "Yongwuqi" was abolished in the late Han Dynasty, its core content and system were absorbed by the suburbs of the south and north of Chang'an in the Han Dynasty, and developed and evolved, becoming the traditional Chinese Temple of Heaven sacrifice system that continued to the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. "The Qin and Han dynasties carried on the mandate of heaven through sacrificial activities, recalled the ancestors, and emphasized the legitimacy of the regime;Inherit filial piety, cultivate virtue, and form feelings for family and country. From this point of view, this archaeological discovery is of practical significance for the study and preservation of ancient Chinese sacrificial culture. ”
Beicheng Village Cemetery: A rare tribal cemetery during the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
Located in Xixian New District, Shaanxi Province, Beicheng Village Cemetery is a large tribal cemetery from the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Sui and Tang dynasties. At present, archaeologists have revealed 1 cemetery ditch and 285 tombs in the ditch, and important results have been achieved.
Chai Yi, deputy research librarian of the Xi'an Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology, introduced that 38 tombs from the Sixteen Kingdoms period, 101 tombs from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Western Wei Dynasty, and 146 tombs from the Northern Zhou Dynasty to the Sui and Tang dynasties were excavated. Through multidisciplinary cooperative research, it is found that the burial population in the cemetery of Beicheng Village may be closely related to the Rong and Diqiang groups, which is also consistent with the political status of the Diqiang and other ethnic groups in the Guanzhong area during the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
Archaeologists deduce that the Beicheng Village cemetery may be a tribal cemetery, and the owners of the tombs may have a common blood or geographical relationship. Chai Yi also pointed out that the level of tombs is in a dynamic change. From the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Northern Zhou Dynasty to the Sui and Tang dynasties, the scale of the tombs continued to decrease, and the identity of the tomb owner also changed from middle-level officials and nobles to commoners.
During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, there were frequent regime changes and wars and turmoil, and the number of archaeological tombs found in the Guanzhong area during this period was very small. Beicheng Village Cemetery is the largest independent cemetery from the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Sui and Tang dynasties discovered so far, with a clear layout, orderly planning and a long duration, which vividly reproduces the process of the gradual integration of ethnic minorities and Han culture that migrated to Guanzhong from the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Sui and Tang dynasties.
Chai Yi said: "During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, the cemetery in Beicheng Village showed the integration of cultures from the shape of the tomb to the burial utensils. Jiao Nanfeng believes that "the owner of the tomb is an ethnic minority, but from the shape of the tomb and the unearthed artifacts, a large number of things are the Han culture of the Central Plains, such as all kinds of unearthed terracotta figurines, copper mirrors, copper coins, chronological bricks, etc.."A large number of secondary burials, joint burials, and multiple burials (relocation) highlight the concept and customs of 'entering the soil for peace, and returning to the roots of fallen leaves', which are also the forms and characteristics of Han cultural tombs in the Central Plains. He said that these phenomena faithfully outline the evolution trend of cultural exchanges, exchanges, blending and gradual sinicization between the ethnic minorities who migrated to the Guanzhong region and the Han culture in the Central Plains during the 300 years from the Northern Dynasties of the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Sui and Tang dynasties, reflecting the historical process of development and evolution from "diversity" to "unity".
Qinjiazui Cemetery: A new version of the Spring and Autumn Five Masters in Bamboo Slips.
Qinjiazui cemetery is located in Jinan Ecological and Cultural Tourism Zone, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, about 1 km away from the ruins of Jinan City, the ancient capital of Chu, about 1 km away, is a cemetery in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, in which the tomb M1093** soil has a large number of bamboo slips, which has important historical value.
Yang Kaiyong, deputy research librarian of Jingzhou Museum, introduced that M1093 is a Chu tomb in the late Warring States period, and it is preliminarily inferred that its age is from King Xuan of Chu to King Wei of Chu (369 BC to 329 BC), and more than 3,900 bamboo slips have been unearthed, with a total number of words of about 30,000 words, including the six arts of the pre-Qin period, the sub-categories, the dictionaries, the number of arts, and the literature of the square technique, which are of great value for collating the documents handed down from generation to generation, enriching historical data, and are precious materials for studying the history, culture and thought of the pre-Qin period.
The tomb soil of the "Shangshu Lü Xing" provides new materials for the collation of the hand-me-down documents. "Shangshu Lu Xing" is a famous article describing the penal reform of King Mu of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there is a saying in the hand-me-down book that "Wang enjoys the country for a hundred years, and the old man is famine", and the unearthed bamboo slips are "Wang Lao Wei (waste)", with an additional "Wang" word, which provides a new possibility for the sentence break and interpretation of the article, and also has great significance for the text transmission and ideological influence of this famous document in the Warring States Period. In addition, bamboo slips such as "Song of the Marquis of Qizhuang's Invasion of the Jin Dynasty" and "Shuyu Admonishing the Pinggong of Jinzhuang" enrich the details of historical figures and add new materials to historical research.
The unearthed bamboo slips also provide new theories recorded in ancient history, such as the "five tyrants" in the brief text of "Four Kings and Five Tyrants" are Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, King Wen of Chu, King Goujian of Yue, and King of Wu, which is different from the traditional saying.
The ruins of the ancient city of Dutou: an important specimen on the main road of Lingnan.
The ruins of the ancient city of Dutou are located in Linwu County, Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, and are the seat of "Linwu" county governance from the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties. Chen Bin, a librarian at the Hunan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, introduced that the site includes the ancient city site (government office area), residential living areas, handicraft areas and burial areas.
Chen Bin introduced, the site and its nearby wells unearthed nearly 10,000 pieces of Wu State slips in the Three Kingdoms period, including wooden slips, wooden slips, signs, seals, etc., for the administrative documents of Linwu County, the content involves the administrative division, taxation, household registration, tuntian, mining and metallurgy of Linwu County, etc., to provide important information for the study of the development and effective governance of the Nanling area by the ancient ** regime, and to construct the archaeological and cultural development sequence from the Han to the Six Dynasties in the Nanling area.
The ruins of the ancient city of Dutou were built on the ancient road of Hunan and Guangdong, which is an important node for controlling the waterway and land routes, and the relics of different regions have been unearthed from the ruins and tombs, which provide important material materials for the study of economic and cultural exchanges and transportation development in the north and south of the Nanling Mountains. Wang Zijin, a professor at the School of History of Northwest University, pointed out that there were defensive facilities (lookouts) in the southeast corner of the city, which was closely related to the situation at that time.
The discovery of the surrounding mining and metallurgical sites and the records of "tin" and other products in the unearthed slips corroborate each other, which provides valuable materials for the study of the development of non-ferrous metal resources in the Nanling area and the study of the history of ancient Chinese metallurgy. Among the unearthed slips, there are records such as "tin people" and "silver people". According to Chen Bin, the government recorded the appearance of "tin as a min" and "silver as a min", indicating that there were a large number of professional miners in the Linwu area at that time, reflecting that this area was rich in tin ore and other resources during the Sun and Wu periods, and the industry developed well.
Reporter of this newspaper Li Yun, Wang Xiaofei, Wang Jianhong, Zhang Rui).