**Top ten warlords in the Beiyang era, who can be ranked first?Everyone is recognized as the strongest warlord is Zhang Zuolin. So, do you know who the most ** Beiyang warlord leader is?If I say that the most **** is the Anhui warlord Duan Qirui, do you believe it?In the impression of some people, Duan Qirui has a good reputation, and he is the so-called "six no" prime minister (no smoking, no drinking, no prostitution, no gambling, no greed, and no possession), and he once "made a republic of three things". Why should I say Duan Qirui**?
During the four years from June 1916 to July 1920, Duan Qirui served as the prime minister for a long time and was the actual controller of Beiyang**. The sphere of influence of Anhui includes Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Shaanxi, Fujian, Outer Mongolia, Henan, Gansu, Rehe and other regions. During his time in power, Duan Qirui and Japan were closely linked. Japan offered Duan a large amount of loans, and Duan gave up a large number of national interests in exchange for Japan's support.
Japan's ** loan to Duan Qirui Group
During the reign of Duan Qirui, Japan provided huge loans to Beiyang**. During the Terauchi Cabinet period from October 1916 to September 1918 alone, China was provided with 3A loan of 800 million yen.
Many people may think that it is good to be able to get a loan. But in that era when the law of the jungle was the strongest, how could the great powers have the good intentions to support China's development?These loans are conditional, with the aim of controlling and plundering China politically and economically. For Duan Qirui and others, they only have to borrow money, and they don't have to worry about repaying it;They are betraying the interests of the country and benefiting themselves.
These loans became the military and political expenses of Beiyang**, allowing the Anhui warlords to maintain their rule and expand their sphere of influence.
In order to obtain these loans, Beiyang** mortgaged some minerals, forests and other resources in China to Japan. Japan could easily plunder China's iron ore, cotton, wool, and other mineral resources. Japan gained the right to build railways in Northeast China and Shandong, expanding and consolidating its sphere of influence. Japan demanded that the Bank of Communications of China issue banknotes identical to the Japanese currency, in an attempt to realize the simultaneous circulation of Chinese and Japanese currencies and control China's finances and finance. Japan also demanded that troops be stationed in Qingdao and Jinan, and that China and Japan jointly build the Jiaoji Railway. Duan Qirui Group agreed to all these requirements.
Regarding the relationship between Japan and the Anhui warlords, Xu Shuzheng, the No. 2 figure in the Anhui system, said: "The power of our northern army (actually referring to the Anhui warlords) has grown and declined, and it has the same interests as the Japanese cabinet in the temple." The Japanese Minister to China, Hayashi Quansuke, also believes that the crisis in Duan Qirui's cabinet is "also a very serious crisis from the standpoint of the empire." It can be seen that the degree of collusion between the Anhui warlords and Japan is very deep, and they already share a common fate.
Xu Shuzheng. Nishihara, a Japanese man in charge of borrowing money from China, recalled: "In the 70 days since I arrived in Yan, I have formed a bond for Japan-China economic cooperation and laid the foundation for permanent peace in East Asia. "Note that Japan's borrowing is not actually economic cooperation, but in the name of economic activities, to politically finance the Anhui warlords. And the so-called peace in East Asia, Chinese should know what is going on. Later, when it invaded China in an all-out way, didn't Japan also fly the banner of "Greater East Asia Co-prosperity"?
Japanese Prime Minister Masashi Terauchi said: "During my term of office, I borrowed three times as much money from China as before, and actually supported Japan's rights in China by ten times as much as Article 21. ”
Some people on the Internet actually think that Duan Qirui borrowed money from Japan, and we took advantage of it. After reading the Japanese statement, do you still think so?
Of course, these loans, because they betrayed a lot of national interests, were not recognized by the people, so they were not repaid later. But are these the credits of Duan Qirui?He was ** in 1920, and the rest of the matter has nothing to do with him. The borrowed money was spent by Duan Qirui, and the interests of the country have been betrayed by him, and it is not too much to say that he is a thief. The people are unwilling to repay this debt as the wronged leader, can this be counted as Duan Qirui's credit?The people were even willing to continue to repay the Gengzi indemnity of the Qing Dynasty, but they were unwilling to repay Duan Qirui's loans, which shows the harm of these loans to China.
Sino-Japanese military agreement
Duan Qirui's reign coincided with the outbreak of World War I. Both Japan and China joined the Entente bloc and declared war on Germany. ** After the revolution, Japan tried to sign a further military pact with China.
Regarding the purpose of the Sino-Japanese military agreement, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated: "Under the Sino-Japanese alliance, the empire will have the overwhelming advantage, that is, militarily on the grounds of coordinated operations, it will be free to dispatch the imperial troops in the necessary areas within the territory of China, and militarily of course, in the name of mutual support, participate in the formation and training of squadrons;Of particular importance is the control of the raw materials for the manufacture of arms. Politically, based on alliances, it actively participates in its internal affairs in order to foster the political power of the empire in all aspects. Economically, in the name of alliance and cooperation, it developed its rich resources and strived to open up markets to benefit the development of the empire's economy. ”
In other words, Japan is trying to completely control China politically, militarily, and economically through the means of a military alliance between China and Japan.
Regarding Japan's request for an alliance, Duan Qirui said, "Japan has kindly and enthusiastically expressed its willingness to cooperate with me on this issue, and I should also treat it with enthusiasm and reach a complete agreement with it." Duan Qirui said to Foreign Minister Lu Zhengxiang: "This issue is urgent, and there should not be a moment's delay, this matter is a matter that is in the exclusive charge of the Foreign Minister, and I hope that Your Excellency will quickly preside over it, and earnestly hope to do everything possible to promote its success." ”
At that time, Feng Guozhang hoped that the military cooperation between China and Japan would be limited to outside China's borders, and that the military defense in China would be undertaken by the squadron. But this is clearly not in line with Japan's requirements. At that time, the Anhui warlords were powerful, and they tried to stage a military coup to persecute Feng Guozhang**. Under the tremendous pressure of the Anhui faction, Feng Guozhang was forced to compromise and leave the negotiation of the Sino-Japanese military agreement entirely to Duan Qirui.
After Duan Qirui took over, he told Japan that he could provide all conveniences regardless of whether he was at home or abroad. He told the Japanese, "Don't worry!Once the military operations which I have undertaken to cooperate with each other have begun, they will not in fact cause any inconvenience to the Japanese army. For example, when your ** team fought against Siberia, it was natural that it would use North Manchuria, and there would be no diplomatic obstacles. ”
On May 16, 1918, Beiyang** and Japan signed the "Sino-Japanese Army Joint Defense Military Agreement", and on the 19th, the "Sino-Japanese Navy Joint Defense Military Agreement" was signed. Subsequently, the "Detailed Agreement on the Implementation of the Military Agreement on the Joint Defense of the Army of China and Japan" was signed. The main elements of these agreements are:
The Chinese authorities in the area of military operations were required to cooperate with the Japanese army in providing each other with ** and munitions;If the squadron participates in Japan's military operations in Siberia, it "should be under the command of the commander of the Japanese army";If the squadron and military supplies are transported through the South Manchurian Railway, the Japanese side will be responsible, while the Japanese army will be responsible for transporting them through the Middle East Road, and "China and Japan should set up a coordination organ" to be responsible.
The signing of these agreements means that the Japanese army can arbitrarily enter China's territorial waters under the pretext of defending against the enemy, and China needs to provide military supplies and various conveniences to the Japanese army.
Soon after the agreement was signed, Japan began to invade northeastern China and occupied a large part of Heilongjiang Province.
These economic and military agreements signed by Duan Qirui have greatly undermined China's sovereignty. It's not too much to say that he is the most ** warlord, right?