2023 Post Sprint Race As we all know, China is the largest socialist country in the world after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and socialism is the primary stage of communism. According to Engels' "Theory of Five Social Forms," the development of social forms before communist society should be primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society, and finally develop into a communist society.
Generally speaking, before the establishment of the Xia Dynasty in about 2070 BC, it was the primitive society period in China, from about 2070 BC to 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang unified the six kingdoms in China, and from 221 BC to 1840 AD, the Opium War was the feudal society period in China. After the Opium War, China gradually degenerated into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and it was not until the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 that the chaos was put in order, and it entered a new democratic society, and then entered a socialist society in 1956 through the three major socialist transformations.
Looking at the world, there are not a few countries that have gone astray in the development of social forms, and they are mainly in Asia, Africa and Latin America. This is because after the European Renaissance, the West took the lead in realizing the bourgeois revolution and entering the capitalist society, thus forming an advantage over the Asian, African and Latin American countries that were still implementing the old system, and began to carry out overseas colonization.
As an old capitalist country, France has repeatedly invaded China in modern times, and signed the "Whampoa Treaty" with the Qing Dynasty in 1844, which was the first unequal treaty signed between China and France. It can be seen that although the capitalist system is inferior to the socialist system, it still has an overwhelming advantage over the decaying feudal system. Today we are going to talk about how France entered the capitalist society.
Since the Franks established the Frankish Kingdom in Western Europe in 481 AD, France has been practicing feudalism, after the Merovingian Dynasty and the Carolingian Dynasty, France was divided into three by Charlemagne's three grandsons in 843 AD, namely the Kingdom of West Francia, the Kingdom of Middle Francia and the Kingdom of East Francia, becoming the prototype of modern France, Italy and Germany.
By the end of the 18th century, France had been feudal for more than a thousand years, and the entire social class had been solidified, with the clergy and aristocracy controlling most of the land and wealth, and the peasants being severely exploited and living in extreme poverty. The French king Louis XVI ignored the hardships of the people, enjoyed himself all day long, and the royal family members lived in great luxury, and the country's finances were very difficult. Forced by the financial crisis, Louis XVI convened the "Council of Dignitaries" in 1787 to try to impose taxes on the privileged classes, which was resisted, further exacerbating class contradictions. In 1789 Louis XVI was forced to convene a council of **, attended by the clergy (1st estate), the nobility (2nd estate) and the burghers (3rd estate). The demands of the delegates of the third estate at this meeting to reform the tax system and abolish the privileges of the first two estates were not responded to, which eventually led to the outbreak of the French Revolution.
On July 14, 1789, Parisian workers, craftsmen, and the urban poor poured into the streets, seized **, and began an armed uprising, and in just one day the Parisian people stormed the Bastille. The Bastille has always been known for being heavily guarded, and is a symbol of French feudal kingship and ** dynasty, representing the supreme authority of the king. The fall of the Bastille marked the French people's extreme dissatisfaction and rebellion against the Ancien Régime, and was one of the symbols of the French Revolution. Later, the people of Paris seized power in the city of Paris and established the National Guard, and other cities followed the example of the people of Paris by arming themselves to seize power and establish the National Guard. Louis XVI also had to give in and recognize the legitimacy of the Constituent Assembly, which marked the de facto becoming the highest organ of state power in France.
In September 1791, the Constituent Assembly adopted a constitution with separation of powers, which provided that the executive power was vested in the king, the legislative power in the legislative assembly, and the judicial power in the courts at all levels. The Constituent Assembly, which had fulfilled its historic mission, was soon dissolved, and a new Legislative Assembly was born on October 1, 1791, making France a constitutional monarchy.
The French Revolution came to this point, which seemed to be very successful, but in fact it was still in crisis, because the financial problems, the inflation problems, the problems of merchants hoarding goods and driving up prices, and so on, had not yet been solved. The feudal monarchs of Austria, Prussia and ** were also frightened by the development of the French Revolution, so they formed an alliance to attack France, and Louis XVI naturally hoped that the foreign coalition would win, so that he could become the monarch of ** again.
On July 11, 1792, in the face of the crisis, the republicans instigated the people of Paris to set off the upsurge of the republican movement again, and on August 10, they stormed the Tuileries Palace, the residence of Louis XVI, imprisoned King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, overthrew the rule of the constitutionalists, and the republicans took power.
On September 22, 1792, the republicans established the First French Republic, the first bourgeois republic in the history of France, which was ruled by the Girondists, who represented the interests of the industrial and commercial bourgeoisie, after which the Girondists carried out large-scale reforms, including land reform, political reform, educational reform, etc.
On January 21, 1793, Louis XVI was executed for treason on the Place de la Revolution.
On June 2, 1793, the Jacobins overthrew the Girondists and executed the various factions of *** through the National Salvation Committee, which plunged France into the White Terror.
On July 27, 1794, the Thermidorian people, led by Barras, staged a coup d'état, ending the Jacobin regime and ending the burgher revolution of the French Revolution. After that, France experienced decades of political turmoil and social changes, and the revolutionary forces marched wave after wave, and finally completed the historical mission, completely destroyed the French ** system, and indirectly promoted the revolution in European countries.