In December, there is heavy snow and the winter solstice, the arrival of heavy snow, which means that the weather is getting colder and colder, and the winter tonic can improve the body's immune function and promote metabolism. The Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention hereby reminds the general public: the weather is cold and the ground is freezing, and the dripping water becomes ice, so it is necessary to add clothes in time and pay attention to the prevention of infectious diseases such as epidemics, mycoplasma pneumonia, hand, foot and mouth, scarlet fever, norovirus gastroenteritis, etc. Users who use coal-fired heating should also beware of non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning.
01 Popular** Risk
Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza A, B and C viruses respectively. It is generally transmitted by droplet transmission, aerosol transmission, indirect transmission, etc. The disease is a common infectious disease in winter and spring, with the characteristics of short incubation period, strong contagiousness and rapid spread. The population is generally susceptible, and patients and those with hidden infection are the main sources of infection, and the clinical manifestations are mainly fever, headache, aching limbs, fatigue, runny nose, cough and other symptoms. Influenza spreads rapidly and can cause seasonal epidemics each year, with outbreaks likely to occur in crowded places such as schools, childcare facilities and nursing homes.
Precautionary measures. Strengthen personal protection and avoid crowded places during the flu seasonYou can wear a mask for personal protection when you go out.
Frequent hand washing and hand hygiene can also help prevent the spread of influenza through contact.
Eat a reasonable diet, eat more vegetables and fruits, and pay attention to balanced nutrition.
Regular work and rest, moderate exercise can help improve your own immunity.
The most effective and cost-effective way to prevent infectious diseases is vaccination. Influenza vaccination can effectively reduce the incidence of influenza infection and reduce the risk of severe disease.
02 Mycoplasma pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumonia is an acute lung infection caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The disease mostly occurs in autumn and winter, and the main clinical manifestations are fever and cough, and most patients have a good prognosis, and some severe cases may develop pneumonia. The disease tends to occur in a relatively closed and densely populated small-area environment, mainly through direct contact transmission and droplet transmission, and the population is generally susceptible, but the main incidence groups are children and adolescents over the age of 5 years. The disease is self-limited, and most patients with mild symptoms can recover without **. Early use of antibiotics can reduce symptoms and shorten the duration of the disease.
Precautionary measures. Practice good hygiene Xi. When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue. Wash your hands frequently, wash your hands correctly according to the 7-step handwashing method, and wash with soap, hand sanitizer, etc. with running water for at least 20 seconds.
When going out, avoid staying in relatively closed and crowded places for a long time.
Open windows for ventilation, keep the air fresh, maintain the appropriate temperature and humidity indoors, and pay attention to keeping warm to avoid cold.
Avoid staying up late, eat a reasonable diet, and do outdoor exercise in a timely manner to improve immunity.
Minimize smoking and passive smoking as much as possible, as damaged lungs are more susceptible to infection.
03Hand, foot and mouth disease
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute infectious disease caused by enterovirus infection, the most common of which are coxsackie A16 and enterovirus 71. The clinical manifestations are fever, ulcers, herpes in the hands and feet, and in the mouth, and there may be slight anorexia, cough and other symptoms. A small number of patients will have serious complications such as myocarditis, pulmonary edema, and meningitis, and some severe cases will progress rapidly and may lead to clinical death. The disease can occur all year round, with a high incidence in summer and autumn in the northern region, but there is a gradual trend of early progression. The disease is mainly transmitted through saliva and faeces, and children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years are susceptible.
Precautionary measures. Maintain hand hygiene, wash your hands promptly before eating, after using the toilet, and when you return from going out, and keep your home well ventilated.
Strengthen personal protection, and during the epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease, take children to crowded public places less to avoid infection.
Give your child more boiled water, more sun, more exercise, supplement nutrition, and improve your child's resistance.
Eat more cooked food and less raw and cold food that stimulates the cold.
If you have fever, ulcers, herpes in the mouth and other symptoms, you should seek medical attention in time, and do not go to crowded places to avoid spreading to others.
04 Scarlet fever
Scarlet fever is an acute respiratory infection caused by group A hemolytic streptococcal infection, clinically with fever, angina, and diffuse rash all over the body as the main manifestations, and some patients can have "bayberry tongue" (red tongue, red and swollen tongue papillae), and complications of joint and kidney reactions. The disease occurs all year round, is common in winter and spring, and is generally susceptible to the population, mostly in children aged 5-15 years.
Precautionary measures. It is necessary to strengthen morning and afternoon inspections in childcare institutions, schools, and other collective units, and promptly go to hospitals for diagnosis and treatment when patients are found.
Childcare institutions, schools and families should pay attention to indoor window ventilation and maintain air circulation.
Indoor items such as eating utensils, toys, floors, walls, etc., should be disinfected regularly.
Pay attention to personal hygiene, wash your hands frequently, and cover your mouth and nose with your elbow when you sneeze or cough.
Children should strengthen physical exercise and do more outdoor activities to improve their ability to resist diseases.
05 Norovirus gastroenteritis
Norovirus gastroenteritis is a disease of the gastrointestinal tract caused by norovirus infection. Norovirus is highly contagious, spreads quickly, spreads through a variety of routes, and is generally susceptible to the population. Winter and spring are the seasons with high incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis, and the collective places with concentrated populations are the places with high incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks. The most common clinical symptoms are vomiting and diarrhea, followed by nausea, abdominal pain, headache, fever, chills and muscle aches, most patients have symptoms that last for 2 to 3 days and then recover, and in rare cases severe disease or even death.
Precautionary measures. Pay attention to personal hygiene, wash hands frequently, especially after touching dirt, and wash your hands correctly in a timely manner according to the 7-step handwashing method.
Pay attention to food hygiene, choose a regular restaurant with good hygienic conditions when dining out, eat cooked food, wash raw melons and fruits, and eat meat, eggs, fish and seafood after cooking.
Pay attention to drinking water hygiene and try to avoid drinking untreated tap water.
Pay attention to environmental hygiene, keep indoor ventilation, and change clothes and bedding frequently.
If you have the above symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea, please seek medical treatment in time and take the initiative to isolate to avoid infecting others.
06 Non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning
Non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning refers to carbon monoxide poisoning that occurs in the daily life of the public, commonly known as gas poisoning, which is caused by inhalation of the respiratory tract when the products of incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances are inhaled. The poisoning mechanism is the colorless, odorless, non-irritating asphyxiating gas carbon monoxide, which binds to hemoglobin after inhalation through the respiratory tract, so that the oxygen-carrying capacity and effect of hemoglobin are lost, resulting in multi-organ lesions dominated by central nervous system function damage, which may be life-threatening in severe cases. Non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning is more common in winter, and the case fatality and disability rates are high. In the event of poisoning, the patient should be immediately removed from the scene of poisoning, transferred to a place with fresh air and good ventilation, and at the same time dialed 120** to be sent to the hospital for emergency treatment.
Precautionary measures. Avoid using gas or burning coal for heating in confined spaces, and open windows for ventilation to maintain indoor air circulation.
Maintain gas pipes regularly to prevent leaks in gas pipes. A carbon monoxide alarm device can be installed, and an alarm can be given in time when the concentration is too high.
When using a gas stove, regularly check whether the hose of the stove is firm, replace it in time if it is aging, and close the main gas valve after use.
Use a qualified gas water heater and ask a professional to check the wiring and valves regularly to prevent malfunctions.
Park your vehicle in a garage or basement, and do not start your vehicle for a long time or stay in the car with the air conditioner on to sleep.
When eating charcoal or gas for hot pot, be sure to open the window for ventilation to avoid poisoning.
Reporter: Susan Correspondent: Yin Shiping, Li Chunyan Editor: Zhou Quan Proofreader: Faye Wong