On September 27, 1955, when the list of conferrers was announced, the leading cadres of the major field armies immediately discovered a very interesting thing -- there was one marshal, one general, and only seven generals on the first field side, and the number of lieutenant generals and major generals was also sparse compared with other field armies. This made the commanders and fighters of the other field armies sigh very much, and Mr. Peng, as the commander of the first field, was even more embarrassed.
Although Xu Guangda, ** Zhang Zongxun, He Bingyan, and Yang Dezhi are all quite famous among the generals of Yiye, they still failed to cover up the slightly dim starlight of Yiye. There are even better people who say: "One field fights less big battles, and the credit is the smallest, and it should be so." But is that really the case?
is also the founder of the republic, why did Yiye wither?Did Kazuno take the least credit in the war?
Please pay attention to it and learn about the hidden old things of Ichino.
When talking about Yiye, we have to mention its special origin. In 1949, Yiye was renamed the First Field Army from the Northwest Field Army, and the Northwest Field Army traced its roots to the Jinsui Field Army and the Jinsui Military Region Defense Army, which is a rare case of a field army formed by local defense forces. The exact cause goes back to 1945.
In 1945, the situation of the War of Resistance Against Japan underwent major changes. Japan's national strength no longer supported its multi-front operations, and the powerful American army was directed at Tokyo, and the Japanese army on the land of China began to move to the strategic defensive stage.
In view of the fact that the war had entered a strategic stage, the Military Commission decided to establish a new field army unit and a military region organization, from which the Jinsui Field Army and the Jinsui Military Region were born. At the beginning of the establishment of the Jinsui Field Army and the Jinsui Military Region, the leadership was not commanded by the later Peng Lao of Yiye, but by the ** marshal to command and transfer.
In August 1945, the Soviet Red Army marched into the northeast, taking advantage of the situation to demand that the liberated areas launch ** to respond to the Soviet army in the northeast. **The Jinsui Field Army led by ** needed to cooperate with the army of the Mongolian People's Republic and led the troops from Suiyuan to the north to fight. In the south, Zhang Zongxun, then commander of the Luliang Military Region, presided over the operation.
In November 1946, due to the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, Chiang Kai-shek's ambition to dominate the country was no longer suppressed. The reactionary forces of the Kuomintang continued to have a high desire for the CCP to take action, and a large number of troops were mobilized to actively prepare for war.
In order to cope with the new political situation and the needs of the war, the ** Military Commission merged the Jinsui Field Army and the Jinbei Field Army of the Jinsui Military Region into one and merged them into a column of the Jinsui Military Region, with Zhang Zongxun of the first column as the commander.
In February of the following year, this new unit, which had only been established for a few months, was reorganized again, and the first column of the first column and the newly formed units of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Jinsui Joint Defense Army formed the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningbo Field Army of less than 30,000 men. ** Intended to use the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningbo Field Army to deal with the offensive posture of the Kuomintang in the Shaanxi-Gansu region.
But **obviously underestimated the Kuomintang reactionary party's covetousness of the hinterland**. In March of the same year, the Kuomintang high-level mobilized a total of 250,000 troops to launch an attack on the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningbo border area where the CCP is located. Hu Zongnan, the "King of the Northwest", who was the director of the Xi'an Pacification Office at the time, led an army of more than 100,000 troops to Yan'an.
In response to the fierce offensive of the Kuomintang, it was decided to unify all the armed forces stationed in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningbo border region. On March 16, 1947, the Communist Party of China issued instructions to establish the Northwest Field Corps, which had jurisdiction over all troops in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningbo Border Region, and was commanded by the vice chairman and political commissar of the Military Commission at the time.
During the advance of the Kuomintang Corps, the Northwest Field Corps carried out resistance while covering the evacuation of the ** organs and the masses from Yan'an. In the course of the whole campaign, it not only won three major victories in the Qinghuatou, Yangmahe, and Panlong areas, but also annihilated more than 10,000 Kuomintang troops.
In the following May, the Northwest Field Corps marched north and fought fiercely with Ma Hongkui's troops entrenched in the northwest, not only recovering the four cities of Huanxian and Jingbian, but also annihilating thousands of Majia troops in the northwest in the battle, and severely dealing a blow to the arrogance of the Ma Jiajun.
On July 31, 1947, the Northwest Field Corps was officially renamed the Northwest Field Army, with *** as the commander and political commissar, Zhang Zongxun as the deputy commander, and ** as the deputy political commissar.
At this point, the Northwest Field Army, the predecessor of Yiye, officially stepped onto the stage of history.
However, in the establishment of the Northwest Field Army, and even in the development process of the First Field Army, it was the difficult living conditions that ran through it.
As a force to protect security, the Northwest Field Army and its predecessors have a different living environment from other field armies.
The name of the Northwest Field Army is "Northwest", but in fact it lives in Shaanxi. Hu Zongnan's army was entrenched in the south, Ma Jia's army was eyeing the west, and the north was a more barren and impoverished desert. The land of Shaanxi is not the rich land of more than 1,000 years ago, the loss of soil makes the land fertility low, and the drought and lack of rain are also a major problem, and the yield of crops is seriously insufficient.
In addition to soil, population is also a major problem. **In the northern region of Shaanxi, there are more than 20 counties with a total area of 130,000 square kilometers, but there are only more than 1.5 million peopleToday, a city of Hangzhou with an area of more than 10,000 square kilometers has a population of more than 12 million.
The land area is vast, but the personnel are scarce, and there are droughts from time to time, and the materials produced simply cannot keep up with the consumption. This made the troops of the Northwest Field Army living in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningbo border region live a hard life.
The book "Defending Yan'an" records a rare feast at that time - a pot of porridge. It is written: "A great marching pot of porridge - rice made of chaff, potatoes, pumpkins, and all sorts of wild herbs. A basket of horse meat was placed next to the rice pot. The smell of meat and rice rushes straight to people's noses. ”
In this way, a pot of porridge and meat made from multigrain and wild vegetables became a rare delicacy for the field army at that time. Some people may say that there is food and meat here, but isn't it good for everyone in the Northwest Field Army to have such conditions?
Of course, such conditions are okay, but such conditions are not available to everyone. This meal was supposed to be for a certain old section chief in the Northwest Field Army who had gone through hardships and was thin and laborious. But how could such an old section chief be willing to eat for himself and let the front-line soldiers starve?
The old section chief resolutely distributed the meal to a company near the garrison, killed his beloved horse, and cooked the pot of horse meat. Not for anything else, but because the company had been fighting hard for several days, and after a little repair, they were about to rush to the battlefield again.
In the face of such a difficult army in urgent need of hot meals, the old section chief could only take out multigrain wild vegetable porridge and horse meat as the best hospitality.
The same situation abounds.
According to Liao Hansheng, who was the political commissar of the first column of the Jinsui Field Army, after a certain battle, the troops accidentally hit a few pheasants, which made the soldiers very happy. Just experienced a big war, and in a few days it will be the founding of the army, which is a good time to treat yourself. The warriors quickly boiled water and plucked their feathers, and cleaned up a few pheasants. But when the pheasant was about to enter the pot, the soldiers suddenly found that the salt used for cooking was gone.
The taste of chicken without salt was greatly reduced, and in order to taste the deliciousness, the warriors looked around for salt, but they could not find it. The huge army kitchen couldn't even get a grain of salt. Eventually, some people thought that since the main ingredient of table salt was sodium chloride, and they couldn't find table salt, they went to the health force to borrow sodium chloride.
With the help of the health troops, the soldiers used sodium chloride as a condiment to stir-fry the packed pheasants into a dish, adding a delicious meal to the hard-working soldiers.
There are also veterans who recall the predicament of the Northwest Field Army during the Liberation War. At that time, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized large armies from all sides to encircle and suppress, and the number of Kuomintang troops was several times or even ten times that of his own. Because of the Kuomintang's attack and encirclement, the troubled Northwest Field Army could only obtain supplies from the local area.
The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningbo Border Region is already barren and unable to support tens of thousands of troops while raising the common people.
So after nine months of fighting, the local field troops gradually began to run out of food. At the beginning, the soldiers could still eat millet, and later the millet was mixed with black beans. After that, the black beans used by the Kuomintang army to feed the horses were not eaten, and they could only eat sweet potatoes and pumpkins. In the end, the sweet potatoes and pumpkins were gone, so they ate pumpkin seeds and ate bran.
It was under such difficult conditions that the entire units of the Northwest Field Army struggled with the well-lived and well-equipped Kuomintang troops.
And when it comes to the sophistication of the Kuomintang army, we have to mention the backward equipment of Xiye at that time.
Due to the lack of large-scale arsenals in Shaanxi and Gansu, the Northwest Field Army at that time was very backward due to the consideration of security work from a political point of view, and the establishment was vacant, and the assembly situation was not good.
As the backbone and elite of the Northwest Field Army, the teaching brigade has more than 5,000 people, but the number of bullets kept by the brigade is very scarce, and when evenly distributed, one person cannot even divide 10 bullets. The situation of the 2nd Column of the Nishino Column led by the founding general ** is not optimistic, with only 4 heavy machine guns for thousands of people in each regiment under the 2nd Column, and each machine gun is equipped with only a few hundred rounds of ammunition. For a heavy machine gun, known for its high rate of fire, a few hundred rounds were used up in the blink of an eye.
In addition to the guns, the number of shells in Ichino is also very scarce, and each unit regards the shells as treasures. And these treasures are actually old guns of the backward era, with low power and high failure rate, and they are garbage that should have been discarded a long time ago in the eyes of the Kuomintang army.
For example, in the Battle of Yulin, in order to capture the position of Lingxiao Tower, the officers and soldiers of Xiye deliberately found the precious mountain artillery, and shot out more than 20 shells at one time, just to solve the enemy hiding in the tower. However, to the dismay of the officers and soldiers of Nishino, those precious shells fell on the tower and did not play a role, leaving only white marks on the walls and falling wall skins, and the structure of the pagoda was not fundamentally damaged.
In addition, medicines, tools, and daily necessities are all in short supply in the West Field, and it can be said that the Northwest Field Army is a veritable "poor ghost", and even the field army units in other regions know that the Northwest Field Army is the most able to endure hardships.
These objective conditions inevitably affected the combat effectiveness of Nishino and the Ichino that was established later. If the troops want to win the battle and fight a tough battle, they must have sufficient equipment and corresponding living support. Without these conditions, our army could only avoid the edge of Chiang's army in the early stage, keep quiet and obscure, and be ready to attack. And after having the corresponding conditions, such as Dongye, Huaye immediately had the strength to fight big battles and tough battles, and frequently fought with Chiang's army in North China and Northeast China.
It is precisely because of the lack of objective material conditions that Nishino relatively lacks the ability to launch a major war and a hard war.
In addition to the objective lack of material conditions, there are other reasons that affect the "big war" of the first fieldYes!
At the beginning of the article, it was said that the formation of Nishino was to defend the hinterland, which directly determined that the political attribute of Nishino was to focus on defense, and offense was not the first goal. Relative to Xiye, Huaye and Dongye are carrying the military task of opening up base areas and developing outward from the Military Commission, and they have strong expansiveness since their birth.
Most of the soldiers in the West Field were originally the local defense forces of the Jinsui Military Region, and they assumed the great responsibility of defending the chief, the base area, and the local people. Therefore, in the early days of the establishment of Nishino, how to defend the base area and guard the base area well was the first priority of action.
In 1947, in order to be able to destroy the command organs of the Chinese Communist Party in one fell swoop, Chiang Kai-shek ordered troops to be sent to Yan'an. Chiang Kai-shek ordered Hu Zongnan, Ma Bufang, Ma Hongkui, and Deng Baoshan to lead an army of 250,000 to attack Yan'an from the south, north, and west, and he even flew to Xi'an to personally supervise the battle.
At this time, there were only a few tens of thousands of troops in the Yan'an area that could be used as defense, and the number of enemy troops was almost ten times that of our army. In the face of such a critical situation, ** issued a "campaign warfare, defensive warfare tactics, and the consumption and crushing of the enemy in fatigue." ”
All the officers and men of Nishino are known for their defensive warfare, and such tactics and tactics are in line with the appetite of Nishino's officers and men.
In the area south of Yan'an, the Northwest Field Army relied on the terrain to build positions and waged a mobile war with the Kuomintang troops. Nishino fought and retreated, holding the Kuomintang troops firmly in check, making it impossible for them to exert their mobility. In the course of the battle, Nishino avoided the sharp edge, only engaged in contact combat, did not engage in deep entanglement, and immediately evacuated as soon as there was a sign of a stalemate in the war.
After such a trick, the Kuomintang army could not fight, and it could not be shaken off, and more than 200,000 people were firmly pinned down by Xiye, which had only tens of thousands of people, and could only watch the great transfer of the CCP ** and the people in the base areas.
On March 19, 1937, under the heavy protection of hundreds of thousands of troops, Chiang Kai-shek came to Yan'an. But what he went to was not Yan'an City, which had an organization headed by ***, but an empty city that was "cleaned up". Under the full cover of the officers and men of the West Field, the first organs and the masses have already evacuated.
In the process of covering, Xiye fought in Yan'an, fought fiercely for 6 days and nights, ** nearly 700 people, killed more than 5,000 Jiang troops, and successfully completed the task assigned by **.
Since then, the War of Liberation has gradually entered a climax, and the officers and soldiers of Xiye also have another responsibility - to calm the chaos in the northwest.
Unlike Huaye and Dongye, which are located in the vast land, Xiye is located in the northwest region, where the land is barren and the strategic value is slightly inferior. This place has been entrenched by Qinghai, Ningxia, and Gansu Ma Jiajun for a long time, and Hu Zongnan is on the side.
However, out of consideration for the war situation in the whole country, priority should be given to the military issues in North China and Northeast China. **Led by **, did not strengthen the expansion of the army in Xiye, and Mr. Peng could only face the chaos in the northwest with more than 100,000 troops.
Therefore, Mr. Peng still adopted the means of focusing on strategic defense and encroaching step by step to deal with the situation in the northwest. In the course of the Liberation War, Xiye relied on this defensive tactic to gradually encroach on Hu Zongnan's troops, and the number of troops rose from tens of thousands to more than 100,000.
Although the 100,000 troops are no longer what they used to be, they can only barely parry in the face of the chaos in the entire northwest, and it is difficult to make a move to stop the chaos.
In 1949, after the end of the Pingjin Campaign, North China was basically in the hands of our party, so the North China Field Army was able to join the West Field and jointly march into the northwest.
On May 9, 1949, the Northwest Liberation War officially began.
Under the offensive of more than 400,000 troops combined by Huaye and Xiye, the remnants of the Kuomintang were quickly routed like a tide. The battle started for more than ten days, and Xi'an was liberated. In August, Lanzhou was liberated, and in September of the same year, Xinjiang was peacefully liberated. Before the offensive of the communist army like a huge wave, the Kuomintang was completely defeated in the northwest, and the northwest officially returned to the embrace of New China.
Throughout the war in the northwest, Mr. Peng and the officers and men of the First Field did not make no achievements, but the objectively difficult material conditions and the special political responsibilities entrusted by the First Field made it difficult for the officers and soldiers of the First Field to have the prerequisite for "fighting a big battle and fighting a tough battle". In the process of the Liberation War, it was also because of the different division of labor that Yiye did not participate in the "three major battles" that left a name in history.
Under the influence of various reasons, it seems that the officers and men of the first field are slightly inferior to the four major field armies, and the stars presented in the list of awards are dim.
Throughout the development journey of Yiye, the starlight of Yiye is dim not because no one can carry the starlight belonging to the general, but in the struggle in the northwest, in the defense of the northwest, and in the liberation of the northwest, those starlight is scattered to every officer and soldier of Yiye. As part of the four major field armies, the first field played a pivotal role;As part of the Liberation War, the Northwest Liberation War was very important, although from the results, due to various reasons, Yiye did not get more medals, but the glory of jointly building a new China belongs to every Yiye officer and soldier, and belongs to every Chinese people.