Waterway transportation can be divided into inland waterway transportation, coastal transportation, offshore transportation and ocean transportation according to the area in which it is navigated.
So what are the differences between these four modes of transportation?
TransportLoseFanCircumferenceNopewith
Inland waterway transportIt refers to the transportation of goods in inland waters such as rivers and lakes, which are generally short distances and mainly domestic transportation. CabotageRefers to the transportation between two seaports along the coast within a country. For example, the transportation between the port of New York on the east coast of the United States and Alaska or Hawaii, the transportation between the port of Dalian in China and Hainan Island, and the transportation between the Black Sea port of Russia and the port of Vladivostok in the Pacific Ocean are all coastal transportation. Offshore transportationIt can also be called near-ocean transportation, which refers to the maritime transportation of ships with a short voyage and other countries or regions, and only passes through the coastal or part of the waters adjacent to the country. Such as the transportation of passengers and goods from China to North Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia and other regions. In our country, it usually refers to the sea transportation of various seaports from the Sea of Japan in the east, the Strait of Malacca in the west, the coast of Indonesia in the south, and the Sea of Okhotsk in the north. Offshore transportation is an international route, which means that the Chinese-flagged ships sailing on this route are inbound and outbound ships. Ocean shippingIt is the use of ships to transport across the ocean. It refers to the use of ships as a tool to engage in the transportation of goods and passengers between domestic ports and foreign ports or completely between foreign ports, that is, ocean transportation between countries, also known as international shipping. In fact, the ship operation industry on international routes is also an important part of ocean transportation, except for the ship operation industry, which mainly operates the ship transportation business on international routes, the ship leasing industry owns ships themselves, but does not operate transportation on their own, but uses ships for leasing;There is no cargo or ship itself, and the freight industry or ship business is operated by the agency or the business that should have been handled by the cargo owner or the shipping company itselfand brokers whose main business is to facilitate the transaction of booking, chartering or sale of ships, as a medium between the two parties to the transaction, and to negotiate business on behalf of the transactionEven the loading and unloading and tally industry in the port should belong to the ocean shipping industry. industryserviceswithinYesNopewith
Inland waterway transport, coastal transport, offshore transport and ocean transport all involve contract documents, but the specific content and requirements may vary depending on the type of business and the regulations involved.
Inland waterway transportIt usually includes inland waterway cargo transportation contracts, loading and unloading contracts, ship charter contracts, etc. Documentation may include cargo manifests, vessel load certificates, loading and unloading records, etc. It is subject to domestic inland waterway transport regulations, such as the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Water Traffic Safety. In addition, for transportation involving specific water areas (e.g., Yangtze River, Yangtze River, etc.), it may also be necessary to comply with corresponding regional regulations. CabotageSimilar to inland waterway transportation, it usually includes coastal cargo transportation contracts, loading and unloading contracts, etc. More ports and more complex dispatches may be involved, so contract documents may need to include stevedoring and transportation records from multiple ports. In order to protect their own shipping industry, most maritime countries in the world do not allow foreign ships to engage in their own coastal transportation, that is, the so-called exclusive issue of coastal transportation rights, and Article 4 of China's Maritime Law also makes similar provisions in this regard. Therefore, cabotage is a domestic transport affair and generally does not apply to international conventions relating to international transport. The system of documentation and carrier liability used in coastal transport is also markedly different from that of international maritime transport. For example, China's coastal transportation currently implements the waybill system, which travels with the ship, is non-negotiable, and cannot be used as a document for documentary credit;Moreover, China's coastal transportation implements the carrier's total fault liability system, while China implements the carrier's incomplete fault liability system in the international maritime transportation of goods. Offshore transportationIn addition to common contracts and documents, it may be necessary to include relevant documents such as international** agreements, customs regulations, etc. Offshore transportation is subject to the laws of relevant countries or regions, such as the Foreign Affairs Law of the People's Republic of China, the Customs Law of the People's Republic of China, etc. In addition, international legal documents such as international** agreements and customs regulations may also be involved. Ocean shippingOcean transportation mainly includes container transportation and bulk cargo transportation, which involves more complex contract documents, including ship charter contracts, cargo insurance contracts, maritime salvage agreements, etc. In addition, as ocean transportation involves long-distance voyages and cargo transfers, it may also be necessary to include detailed route planning, transit records, and other documents. Ocean shipping is generally governed by the international law of the sea, the law of international commercial contracts, and the laws of the relevant country or region. As ocean shipping involves multiple countries, there may be more international legal issues and dispute resolution mechanisms involved. When entering into an ocean shipping contract, it is usually necessary to understand the relevant laws and clarify the rights and obligations of the parties and the dispute resolution mechanism. TransportLosegoodsthingsNopewith
The goods of inland waterway transportation, coastal transportation and offshore transportation are generally bulk cargo and general cargo, such as coal, ore, timber, etc. There are many types of goods transported by oceans, including bulk cargo, general cargo, containerized cargo, etc., among which containerized cargo has gradually become the main cargo of ocean transportation.
Inland waterway transportShips such as flat-bottomed boats, barges, and tugboats are usually used for transportation, and are suitable for the transportation of short-distance and bulk goods. The goods are required to be able to adapt to the environment of inland waters, such as currents, tides, water level changes, etc. CabotageBulk carriers, container ships, passenger ships and other ships are usually used for transportation, and the goods are required to be able to adapt to the marine environment, such as wind and waves, tides, salt spray, etc. Offshore transportationBulk carriers, container ships and other ships are usually used for transportation, which requires the goods to be able to adapt to the offshore environment, such as wind and waves, tides, etc. Ocean shippingLarge cargo ships, oil tankers, container ships and other ships are usually used for transportation, and the goods are required to be able to adapt to long-distance and oceanic environments, such as wind and waves, temperature, humidity, etc. PortmouthYesbeggingNopewith
Port Facilities:Different types of transport place different demands on port facilities. The port facilities of inland waterway transportation mainly include wharves, berths, loading and unloading equipment, etc. The port facilities of coastal transportation are more perfect, including high pile terminals, gravity terminals, floating terminals, etc., and they also need to be equipped with loading and unloading equipment, storage yards, storage facilities, etc. The port facilities for offshore transportation have high requirements, and large-scale container terminals and ro-ro terminals need to be built to meet the needs of maritime transportation. The port facilities of ocean transportation are the most complete, including large container terminals, oil tanker terminals, bulk cargo terminals, etc., and they also need to be equipped with advanced loading and unloading equipment, storage facilities, etc.
Hydrogeological conditions:Different types of transport ports have different requirements for hydrogeological conditions. Ports for inland waterway transportation need to build wharves on both sides of the river, so it is necessary to consider the stability of the riverbank, the scouring and silting of the riverbed and other hydrological conditions. Ports for coastal transportation need to be located in areas with sheltered winds, deep water, and stable shores, and at the same time, the influence of natural conditions such as tides and waves needs to be considered. Ports for offshore transportation need to have deep-water conditions, and at the same time, the influence of natural conditions such as waves and tides needs to be considered. Ports for ocean transportation need to have the conditions of a deep-water port, and at the same time, they also need to consider the influence of natural conditions such as waves and currents. Port Operations Management:Different types of transportation ports have different requirements for operation management. Ports for inland waterway transport are usually managed by local transportation management departments, and the operation mode is relatively simple. Ports for coastal transportation need to establish a sound operation management system, including ship scheduling, loading and unloading operations, warehousing management and other aspects. Ports for offshore transportation need to establish a more complete operation management system, and at the same time, it is also necessary to strengthen cooperation with the maritime sector to ensure the safety and smooth flow of maritime transportation. Ocean shipping ports need to establish a more complete operation and management system, and at the same time, they also need to strengthen cooperation with international shipping companies and actively participate in the competition in the international shipping market. Environmental Protection:Different types of transportation ports have different requirements for environmental protection. Ports of inland waterway transport need to pay attention to preventing ships from polluting the river environment, and at the same time, it is also necessary to strengthen the treatment and management of ship waste. Ports of coastal transport need to strengthen the treatment and management of ship waste, while also preventing ships from polluting the marine environment. Ports for offshore transportation need to pay more attention to environmental protection and adopt stricter environmental protection measures to prevent ships from polluting the marine environment. Ocean shipping ports need to pay more attention to environmental protection, and at the same time, they also need to strengthen cooperation with international environmental protection organizations and actively participate in international environmental protection affairs. List of high-quality authors