In the 17th century, two outstanding monarchs emerged from the East and the West, Peter I the Great of Tsarist Russia and Kangxi the Great of the Qing Dynasty. Today, however, these two monarchs are judged very differently. Praise for Peter I was rampant, while Emperor Kangxi was controversial for his stubbornness and seclusion, which led to China's missed opportunity to integrate with the world and modernize.
The Qing Dynasty, as the second unified dynasty established by ethnic minorities in China's feudal society, once had a territory that attracted the attention of the world. Half of the exploitation of the Western colonizers flowed into this ancient and vast Eastern empire, shocking the countries.
To the north of the Qing Dynasty, Tsarist Russia grew stronger under the rule of Peter the Great, and its territorial ambitions came to the fore and embarked on the road of colonization. 150 years later, in the 19th century, Tsarist Russia would become the Qing Dynasty's most troublesome neighbor.
Entrepreneurship lays the foundation. 
In 1583, the Gosats cavalry crossed the Ural Mountains into Siberia and clashed with the Jurchen tribes of the local state. In the battle of Gulezhai, Jue Chang'an, the leader of the Jianzhou Jurchen Left Guard, and his son Takshi were killed in battle, and Nurhachi took advantage of the chaos to escape.
In 1583, Nurhachi raised an army with thirteen pieces of armor left by his father, gradually unifying the Jurchen tribes and avenging his father. He carried out militarized reforms at home and established the Manchurian Eight Banners system. By 1615, it had unified a vast territory of nearly 3 million square kilometers from the Great Khingan Mountains in the west, Sakhalin Island in the east, the Yalu River in the south, and the Heilongjiang River in the north.
In 1616, Nurhachi established himself as Khan, and his country name was "Dajin", known as Houjin in history. began a contest with the Ming Dynasty and the surrounding tribes and vassal states. At first, Nurhachi's Eight Banners Army conquered everything in Liaodong, and within a few years, several cities were pulled out in succession, and the territory was close to the capital of the Ming Dynasty. However, in the Battle of Ningyuan in 1626, Nurhachi encountered a hard bone to gnaw - Yuan Chonghuan. In this battle, Nurhachi's Eighth Banner Army suffered heavy losses, and Nurhachi himself was wounded on the battlefield and unfortunately died half a year later.
The past is the foundation of the future. 
In September, Nurhachi's eighth prince, Taiji, was the Khan, and he temporarily repaired an alliance with the Ming Dynasty, but he was actively preparing for war in private. In the following year, he attacked the Mongol tribes and won a great victory in Aomulun, and then took advantage of Mongolia to march to the city of Beijing, which was known as the "change of Jisi" in history.
After the failure of the attack on Beijing, Huang Taiji spread false news about Yuan Chonghuan's alliance with Jin, which led to the Ming court's dismissal and execution. As a result, the troubles of Jin's southward movement were eradicated. Internally, Huang Taiji began the reform of the Han system, abolished the old Jurchen rites, established three internal courts and six ministries, and improved state institutions. The Ming army also adopted a policy of persuasion to surrender, and under its influence, the Ming generals Kong Youde, Geng Zhongming, and Shang Kexi successively surrendered, and Houjin gradually had the strength to compete with the Ming Dynasty.
In 1636, Dolgon completely pacified the Mongol Chahar, and Huang Taiji sent Zilharang and Azig to continue to cross the Yalu River and capture Pyongyang. The Joseon king, Yi Zong, was forced to become a vassal and recognize the suzerainty of the Later Jin. Under the continuous request of Mongolia, Korea and other countries, Huang Taiji renamed the Jurchen "Manchuria", called the emperor the founding of the country, and the country name was "Qing".
Since then, 9 million miles of rivers and mountains outside the Shanhai Pass have been returned to the Manchu regime, and the Ming Dynasty has no power to interfere in Liaodong.
Inherit and carry forward. Since the establishment of the Manchu regime, it has grown stronger and stronger under the rule of Huang Taiji. In 1644, Wu Sangui welcomed the Qing army into the customs, and Emperor Shunzhi entered the capital under the leadership of the emperor's uncle Dolgon. After that, Dolgon, Duoduo, Wu Sangui and other generals successively defeated the Dashun Army, the Great Western Army and the remnants of the Ming Dynasty, and the north of the Yangtze River fell under the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
In 1646, the Southern Ming Lu King regime and the Longwu regime were wiped out by the Qing army, Lu King Zhu fled to the sea with the sea, the Longwu Emperor was killed, the Ming Dynasty Navy General Zheng Zhilong surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and his son Zheng Chenggong led the remnants of the army to repel the Dutch colonists stationed in Taiwan and established the maritime court. In 1657, Wu Sangui led the Qing army to invade from Hunan, Guizhou and Sichuan, and Kunming hanged the Yongli Emperor Zhu Youlang alive, and the Southern Ming Dynasty was completely destroyed.
In 1683, the Qing Fujian Navy Division annihilated the main force of Zheng Jingjun of the Ming Dynasty under the leadership of the general Shi Lang, and forced it to surrender the following year, and Taiwan was re-placed under the jurisdiction of the mainland of the motherland. Since then, all the territory of the Ming Dynasty has been inherited by the Qing Dynasty.
Unity and consolidation. By 1751, the Qing Dynasty had reached its peak under the rule of Emperor Qianlong. With a population of more than 200 million, the land area of the country has increased by 50 million mu compared with the Kangxi period, and the Central Plains, Jiangnan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Northeast China are a peaceful and prosperous scene. However, the issue of Xinjiang was before the Qing court.
In 1754, his grandson Amur defected to the Qing Dynasty and persuaded Emperor Qianlong to send troops to Zhunger. The following year, the Qing army sent troops from Qinghai to Ili and captured the Dzungar Khan Dawaqi. However, Amur rebelled against the Qing Dynasty because he was not crowned Khan by the Qing court, and Emperor Qianlong sent troops into Ili again, and defeated the Junggar army in the Battle of Kulongkui, and Amur fled to Tsarist Russia, where he fell ill and died soon after. Since then, since the Kangxi period, the Zungar Department in the northwest has finally been pacified and incorporated into the territory of the Qing Dynasty.
The Qing Dynasty was glorious. 
Although a series of military campaigns cost more than half of the Qing Dynasty's treasury revenue, they greatly defended national sovereignty and territorial integrity and promoted the unity of a multi-ethnic state. The territory of the Qing Dynasty reached the Sea of Okhotsk in the north, the South China Sea Islands in the south, Sakhalin Island in the east, and the Green Mountains in the west, with a total area of 11 million square kilometers, and its glory reached its peak.
Whether it is the melons and fruits of southern Xinjiang or the sun, they are blowing the long wind of reunification and peace. The restoration of sovereignty over minority areas by the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong dynasties reflected the political, military, and economic heights reached by the Qing Dynasty in the early middle and early periods. In the end, China has formed a multi-ethnic country with a vast territory and a high degree of unity, and 56 ethnic groups together form the big family of the Chinese nation, which breathes the same breath and shares a common destiny.
The Qing Dynasty was the last great unified dynasty in China's feudal history, and the history of its rise and glorious period occupies an important place in Chinese history. The above describes in detail the development and glorious course of the Qing Dynasty in politics, military and economy during the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties. When commenting on the history of this period, it can be done from a number of perspectives**.
First of all, it is commendable for the great efforts made by the Qing Dynasty in establishing and unifying a multi-ethnic state. From the unification of the Jurchen tribes initiated by Nurhachi, to the successful expansion and governance of emperors such as Huang Taiji, Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong, the Qing Dynasty completed the unification of multiple ethnic groups within a vast territory. This not only provided a powerful case for regime change in China's history, but also laid the foundation for the later reunification of the Chinese nation.
Secondly, the performance of the Qing Dynasty in foreign wars is also worthy of recognition. Especially in the face of the threat of the Zungar Khanate in the northwest and Tsarist Russia, monarchs such as Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong successfully consolidated the frontier and defended the country's sovereignty through military means. This demonstrated the Qing regime's clever strategy in dealing with foreign and defense issues, ensuring the security and stability of the country.
However, the Qing Dynasty also had its inevitable problems and limitations. Among them, the closed attitude towards Western science and technology, the excessive emphasis on agriculture and the restrictions on industry and commerce all affected China's comprehensive national strength during this period to a certain extent. Although the Qing Dynasty made certain achievements in agriculture and handicrafts, there were still gaps compared to Western countries, which to some extent became an obstacle to China's modernization.
In addition, there is also controversy about the way the emperors of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong ruled in time. Through reform and governance, the Kangxi Emperor did bring the Qing Dynasty to a period of relative stability. However, during the Yongzheng and Qianlong periods, due to the emperor's ** tendency and the suppression of dissent, social contradictions gradually intensified. This also laid some hidden dangers for the decline of the Qing Dynasty later.
Generally speaking, the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties of the Qing Dynasty were one of the pinnacles of China's feudal history, and made political, military, economic and other achievements. However, we cannot ignore the problems and contradictions that exist in this context. The historical experience of the Qing Dynasty is of far-reaching significance for understanding the development of China's feudal society, exploring the mode of national governance, and thinking about the pluralistic unity of the Chinese nation.
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