Abstract:This paper sorts out a number of Yue kiln celadon unearthed in the area of Chang'an City and Luoyang City in the Tang Dynasty, and re-examines it in combination with the recent excavation of the Siao kiln site in Shanglin Lake, so as to study the age of the tribute porcelain, the appearance of the product and the transportation path of the Yue kiln porcelain. It is believed that as early as the early Tang Dynasty, Yue kiln porcelain had been included in the list of porcelain used in the royal court, and continued to be imported into the court as a tribute kiln in the late Tang Dynasty. As for its transportation path, from the current point of view, to a large extent, it is transported through the Zhedong Canal and the Sui-Tang Grand Canal.
In recent years, with the systematic advancement of archaeological work, Yue kiln porcelain has been unearthed in many sites within the territory of the Tang Dynasty1. As the political center of the Tang Dynasty, the ruins of Kyoto Castle in the Tang Dynasty also unearthed a number of Yue kiln porcelain in this area. To date, the search for publicly available information is briefly described below.
1.The ruins of Tang Chang'an City
In 1995, during the renovation of the houses outside the south wall of the playground of the headquarters of Northwest University, a lot of Sui and Tang relics were unearthed in the foundation, and 6 pieces of Yue kiln porcelain were unearthed, including 2 pieces of jade ring foot bowls (Figure 1, Figure 2), fragments of the bowl mouth, high circle foot bowl (Figure 3), holding pot (Figure 4), and jar (Figure 5) 2. The characteristics of the 6 artifacts are relatively consistent, the quality is generally high, except for the jar only glazed on the outer abdomen, the remaining 5 utensils are glazed inside and outside.
From 2001 to 2005, in the course of the archaeological excavation of the Taiye Pond site of Daming Palace in Tang Chang'an City, which was jointly carried out by the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of Cultural Properties of Japan, the Nara Institute of Cultural Properties, archaeological excavations unearthed a large number of ceramics, which are mainly white porcelain, but also black porcelain, celadon, three-color and red pottery, gray pottery and Yue kiln porcelain3, including many secret color porcelain such as Kwai Kou Bowl 4.
2.Ruins of Luoyang City in Tang
Luoyang City in the Sui and Tang Dynasties: Archaeological Excavation Report from 1959 to 2001 5 is a systematic summary of the archaeological excavation work in Luoyang City in the Sui and Tang dynasties over the past 40 years. During the archaeological excavation and the sorting of the unearthed relics, archaeologists found Yue kiln porcelain in many places.
One piece of celadon flower plate from Yue kiln was unearthed on the west wall of Miyagi (Fig. 6), which was glazed inside and out, and only a circle of firing marks was found on the edge of the outsole. According to another report, Miyagi Xuanwu City unearthed 1 piece of Yue kiln celadon pot, unfortunately there is no ** introduction.
One piece of celadon flower plate from Yue kiln was unearthed in Chengdong District (Fig. 7), which was glazed inside and outside, and only there was a circle (11 pieces) of burnt traces on the edge of the outsole. One piece of celadon bowl from Yue kiln unearthed in the western area of the imperial city (Fig. 8) is full of glaze inside and outside, and there is a circle of long strip-shaped firing traces near the edge of the outer bottom center.
Eight pieces of celadon from the Yue kiln were unearthed from the site of Guocheng's Baiju Yi Mansion, with the shape of an open-mouthed curved-belly jade bottom bowl (Fig. 9), an open-mouthed oblique belly jade bottom bowl (Fig. 10), an open-mouthed flower-mouth ring-foot bowl (Fig. 11), an extravagant flower-mouth ring-foot bowl (Fig. 12), a tray (Fig. 13), a box (Fig. 14) and a box lid (Fig. 15, 16), etc., all of which are glazed inside and outsideThe glaze is scraped along the mouth of the box body, and there is a circle of burnt marks on the bottom edge;The glaze is scraped along the lid of the box, and there is a circle of burning.
1. The location, age and nature of the Yue kiln porcelain unearthed from the ruins of Kyoto City in the Tang Dynasty
(1) The location and nature of the excavation
The site of the Yue kiln porcelain unearthed from the ruins of the Tang Dynasty and Kyoto City can be roughly divided into two categories, one is the royal exclusive area represented by the palace city, the imperial city and the royal garden;One is the residential area of the powerful within the scope of Guochenglifang. The former is represented by the site of Taiye Pool of Daming Palace in Xi'an, the west wall of Luoyang Palace, and the east and west districts of the imperial cityThe latter is represented by the playground of the headquarters of Northwest University in Xi'an and the ruins of Baiju Yi Mansion in Guocheng, Luoyang City.
Xi'an Daming Palace, "in the east of the Forbidden Garden, the shooting hall of the back garden of the old Taiji Palace, according to Longshou Mountain", "after Zichen, it is called Penglai Palace." West Qinghui Pavilion, its North Taiye Pool, Pool Pavilion "6.
The kiln porcelain unearthed in the playground of the headquarters of Northwest University in Xi'an is located in the southeast corner of Taipingfang in Chang'an City, Tang Dynasty. "Suzaku Gate Street West Second Street, Hanguang Gate in the south of the Imperial City in the north. The west side of the street is ...... from the North First PacificThe southeast corner, the famous residence of King Shu. Later, it was the Jingzhao Mansion School, and it was the house of Yin Sizhen, the head of the household. Mrs. Yuan's house ......The house of the Yang family of the princess of the festival is ......The Imperial Historian Wang Mansion ......Give Zheng Yunkui a house in the matter. The east of the house, the residence of Wang Yanbo, the national doctor. ......Riding the capital captain Xue Liangzuo ......Mrs. Lu's house ......The head of the household is still in the house of Wang Yuan, ......Jingzhao Shaoyin Luo Liyan house. Zhongshu Shilang, with the Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi Pei Tan Mansion ......Yongguan Inspector Wang Dingbao Mansion. 7 The ruins of the Baiju Yi Mansion in Guocheng, Luoyang City, are in the track workshop. Bai Juyi mentioned in his "Preface to the Compilation of Chishang": "The victory of the capital's climate, water and wood is in the southeast corner, the victory of the southeast is in the track, and the victory of the interior is in the northwest corner." The first place in the north wall of Ximin, that is, the place where Bai Shi Suo retired from old age, ......"8 Again" the second north track of the ......Longevity Temple Orchard. Source Kuangzan house. Colliers Pastoral House. Inside the West Gate, the Criminal Department Shangshu Bai Juyi House. ”［9］
(2) The age and nature of the unearthed Yue kiln porcelain
1.The Imperial Palace, the Imperial City and the Imperial Gardens are the exclusive areas for the royal family.
There is no detailed report on the porcelain unearthed from the Taiye Pond site of the Tang Daming Palace in Xi'an, and it is only mentioned that there is a secret color porcelain kuikou bowl unearthed, because there is no detailed introduction, and the characteristics of its utensils are not grasped. Recently, a large number of secret color porcelain has been unearthed in the archaeological excavation of the Housiao kiln site in Shanglin Lake, and this kind of secret color porcelain kuikou bowl has been unearthed in the stratigraphic accumulation of the saggert bowl of the "Zhonghe three years (883)" at the Housiao kiln site.
Luoyang City Palace City West Wall and Imperial City East District unearthed 2 pieces of Yue kiln celadon flower mouth plate, the plate mouth part is ten petals flower mouth shape, flat bottom slightly concave, the production is regular, from the scene can be judged to belong to the secret color porcelain and the like. This type of disc has been excavated in the strata of the late Tang Dynasty at the Housiao kiln site (Fig. 18), and similar artifacts have also been found in the tomb of Tang Dazhong in the seventh year (853) of the Tang dynasty (853) in Xubuqiao, Haining, Zhejiang. The Yue kiln celadon bowl unearthed in the western area of the imperial city, with high circle feet, from the way of loading and firing (full of glaze inside and outside, and there is a circle of long strip-like firing traces near the edge of the outer bottom center), its era should be the period of five dynasties.
2.A powerful residential area within the Guocheng Li Fang.
The compiler of the briefing has compared the six pieces of Yue kiln porcelain unearthed from the playground of the headquarters of Northwest University in Xi'an with the Yue kiln porcelain unearthed from the underground palace of Fufeng Famen Temple in Shaanxi, and confirmed that two pieces of wares, including a jade ring bottom bowl and a fragment of the bowl mouth, belong to the secret color porcelain. During the excavation of the Later Siao kiln site, such a mysterical-colored porcelain jade ring bottom bowl was unearthed in the strata that accompanied the "Xiantong" date sagger (Fig. 19), which indicates that such bowls appeared at least in the Xiantong period (860-873). The fragment along the edge of the bowl is unillegible and unrecognizable. Although the other 4 artifacts are not secret color porcelain, from the perspective of glazing method (glaze except for jars), they should also be fine artifacts in ordinary celadon. Although the mouth and feet of the high-circled foot bowl are missing, the age of the high-circled foot flower mouth bowl (Fig. 20) excavated from the site of the Housi'ao kiln in Shanglin Lake should also belong to the late Tang Dynasty 11. The characteristics of the pot, the trumpet-shaped mouth, the short stream, and the characteristics of the utensils are more consistent with the characteristics of the celadon pot unearthed in the tomb of Song Jiajin in the western suburbs of Changzhi, Shanxi Province 12. ......On October 14 of the year of Renshen, it was enshrined in the ten-mile plain southwest of Lufu City, and the ceremony was also", so this kind of pot had appeared in the eighth year of Tang Zhenyuan (792).
The 8 pieces of Yue kiln celadon unearthed from the former residence of Bai Juyi in Guocheng, Yangcheng, are made neatly, all are full glaze products, although they do not belong to the secret color porcelain, but they can still be classified as the fine products in the ordinary celadon of the Yue kiln. 2 pieces of jade bottom bowls, combined with chronological data, have appeared in the middle of the Tang Dynasty at the latest, the fourth year of the Tang Dynasty (769) or the fourteenth year of the Great Calendar (779) in Sanmenxia, Henan Province, there have been open oblique belly jade bottom bowls 13, and the Shanglin Lake Yue kiln site has also unearthed the tenth year of the Tang Dynasty (794) jade bowl (Fig. 21, Fig. 22) 14. There are 2 pieces of flower mouth circle foot bowl, the shape of the vessel is inconsistent, one is open, the other is extravagant, the flower mouth is four petals, corresponding to the outer abdomen concave chord pattern at the flower mouth four, the wide circle foot is close to the bottom of the jade ring, the characteristics of the times are more obvious, it should be the late Tang Dynasty utensils. The mouth of the cup is in the shape of a four-petal flower mouth, and the outer abdomen corresponds to the concave chord pattern at the flower mouth, which is also a characteristic of the late Tang Dynasty. 1 box, the characteristics of the utensils are more consistent with the shape of a box (T4:28) unearthed from 1993 to 1995 in strata 15 of the archaeological excavation of the lotus core kiln siteThere were 2 covers, one of which was consistent with the shape and cover surface composition of the lid (T4:72) unearthed from the archaeological strata of the lotus core kiln site from 1993 to 1995. Combined with the comparison of the characteristics of the pot held in the third year of Huichang (843) unearthed by the stratum and the "first year of the seventh year of Huichang to the first year of Dazhong" in the collection of the Shanghai Museum, the age of the box and the lid should also be the late Tang Dynasty.
Question**
1) The age of Yue kiln tribute porcelain.
According to the "General Dictionary" volume 6, the Tang Dynasty "all the counties under the world pay tribute every year", "according to the order, the contributions of the counties are all taken from the soil, the price of quasi-silk, not more than 50 yuan, and the official goods are filled with the city, the tribute is thin, the things are easy to offer, the holy dynasty is constant, and Yu Si is in the house." It is added to this, and it is also discounted and not levied" 16. From this, we can see that the Tang Dynasty had clear regulations on the types and quantities of tribute in the Nagong region. "All taken from the soil" clearly indicates that the local products and even special products of the Nagong area are to be made, and there are also a large number of records in Tang poems, such as Dongting Gong Tangerine 17, Wuzhou Gong Lotus 18 and so on.
In this context, Yuezhou Huiji County also took its county's prolific porcelain as a local tribute to the imperial court, and the article "Yuezhou Huiji County" in Volume 41 of the New Tang Dynasty Book "Geography V" clearly contained: "Yuezhou Huiji County, Zhongdu Governor's Mansion." Tugong: Baohua, pattern Luo, white weaving, shuttle, ten patterns and other silk, light appearance, raw grain, flower yarn, Wu Juan, Dansha, Shimi, orange, arrowroot, porcelain, paper, pen. 19 This document is the earliest record of the Yue kiln porcelain Shanggong Dynasty, and according to Professor Wang Yongxing's research, this Tugong occurred during the Tang Changqing period (821-824), the so-called "Changqing Gong"20. In addition, in 1977, a celadon epitaph jar from the Yue kiln was unearthed in Wujiaxi, Shanglin Lake (Fig. 23), on which there was an inscription "Guangqi was buried in Beishan of Dangbao Gong Kiln on the fifth day of the second month of Ding Wei", which at least indicates that a tribute kiln already existed in the Shanglinhu area in the third year of Tang Guangqi (887), and the location of this tribute kiln has thus become a geographical indicator. **In the era of Yue kiln tribute porcelain, as the two ends of tribute porcelain, the place of production and the place of consumption are important aspects worthy of our attention. Judging from the above-mentioned documentary records and epitaph jar information, the production area of Yue kiln began to pay tribute to porcelain at the latest in the Tang Changqing period, and the concept of tribute kiln has become the consensus of the people in this region at the latest in the third year of Tang Guangqi (887).
What is the situation as a consumption place of Yue kiln tribute porcelain?First of all, we have to define the consumption place of Yue kiln tribute porcelain, the consumption place and consumption object of Yue kiln tribute porcelain should be related to the royal family, the aforementioned Tang Liangjing palace city, the imperial city and the royal garden as the representative of the royal exclusive area unearthed Yue kiln porcelain should belong to the tribute porcelain undoubtedly. In addition, Shaanxi Fufeng Famen Temple 21 is a royal temple, and the Yue kiln porcelain unearthed from its underground palace should also belong to tribute porcelain. The porcelain unearthed from the Taiye Pool of the Tang Daming Palace in Xi'an has not been reported in detail, and the secret color porcelain kuikou bowl with clear characteristics is the late Tang Dynasty. The west wall of the palace city of Luoyang City and the east area of the imperial city have unearthed 2 pieces of secret color porcelain flower mouth plates, and the era is also the late Tang Dynasty. Shaanxi Fufeng Famen Temple underground palace unearthed 14 pieces of porcelain in the kiln, including 7 bowls, 6 plates and 1 eight-sided net bottle, according to the accompanying Xiantong fifteen years (874) "should be from the Chongzhen Temple with the real body offering props and gifts of gold and silver artifacts and treasures and other new gifts to the gold and silver treasures clothing account" on the tablet "porcelain secret color 椤 seven mouths in two silver edges, porcelain secret color plates, stacks a total of six" text records, these 7 bowls and 6 plates belong to the secret color porcelain. In addition, although the eight-sided net bottle is not recorded in the clothing account, it is also a secret color porcelain judging from its enamel and production method. Therefore, the era of this batch of secret color porcelain in Famen Temple is also the late Tang Dynasty. Judging from the current batch of secret color porcelain found in the underground palace of Tang Liangjing and Famen Temple, a considerable part of it should be produced at the Siao kiln site after Shanglin Lake, and the production time is also consistent with the kiln site. Recently, the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and the Office of the Cixi Municipal Cultural Relics Management Committee jointly carried out active archaeological excavation work on the Siao kiln site in Shanglin Lake, and in the excavation process, a number of chronological saggers were soiled in the strata, combined with the soil conditions of the chronological strata, we can determine that the Siao kiln site has begun to produce secret porcelain in the middle of the Tang Dynasty (847-859) at the latest, and it was in the Tang Xiantong period (860-873). During the Tang Dynasty (881-884), the production of secret color porcelain reached its peak, and then this process continued until the middle of the Five Dynasties, and declined after the middle of the Five Dynasties.
Judging from the information that has been published so far, the Yue kiln porcelain found in the royal exclusive area represented by the palace city, the imperial city, the royal garden and the royal temple ruins in the Tang and Liangjing areas are all secret color porcelain, and the era belongs to the late Tang Dynasty, but the era is less than the Changqing period. The excavation of the Hou Siao kiln site shows that the secret color porcelain began to be fired around the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and the Yue kiln porcelain paid tribute by Huiji County in the Tang Changqing period in the "New Tang Dynasty Book and Geographical Chronicles" should not belong to the secret color porcelain. And what about the appearance of this batch of porcelain?Although there was no production of secret color porcelain in the Yue kiln during the Tang Changqing period, the porcelain that paid tribute to the imperial court should also be the best of the best, and the quality of its products should also be the superb. Judging from the Yue kiln porcelain unearthed in the area of Guochenglifang in the Tang Dynasty, most of them belong to the late Tang Dynasty, and the era is less than the Changqing period. A holding pot unearthed from the playground of Northwest University in Taipingfang, Chang'an City, and a jade bottom bowl unearthed from the ruins of Bai Juyi's house in Luoyang City's Crawling Workshop, the upper limit of the age can reach the first year of Tang Zhen (785-805) and even the Great Calendar period (766-779), which is earlier than the Changqing period. From the point of view of product quality, they are all the best products in the same period, and the glaze is full of glaze inside and outside, and the glaze is shiny. Perhaps we can get a glimpse of the appearance of Yue kiln tribute porcelain in this period from the batch of Yue kiln porcelain in the middle of the Tang Dynasty unearthed in the Guocheng Lifang area. In addition, the author recently went to the Xi'an Workstation of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to inspect the Yue kiln porcelain unearthed in Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty, and in 2009, a number of celadon artifacts from the early Tang Dynasty were unearthed in the mud pit of Chang'an City, including bowls and four-series jars.22 Taking bowl products as an example, the mouth is straight, the upper abdomen is vertical, the lower abdomen is obliquely closed, and the flat bottom is slightly concaveThe inner and outer abdomen are semi-glazed, and the lower abdomen is unglazed. The characteristics of these celadon artifacts are more in line with the characteristics of the early Tang Dynasty wares, and there may be many Yue kiln porcelain, which seems to reveal that as early as the early Tang Dynasty, Yue kiln porcelain may have been included in the ranks of court porcelain. Similar artifacts have also been unearthed in the ruins of Yangzhou City in the Tang Dynasty 23.
(2) The problems of the import and acceptance of porcelain and tribute porcelain
The Yue kiln porcelain imported into the Tang and Liangjing areas as a tribute should have been regulated by the system. According to the research of relevant scholars, the transportation of local tribute items is different from the loss of tax items, because most of the tributes are precious and exquisite products handed over to the imperial court, so most of the tributes are personally escorted to Beijing by the officials of each state entering Beijing, that is, the imperial envoys, to pay tribute to the capital every winter.24 Volume 197 of the Zizhi Tongjian records: "(In the seventeenth year of Zhenguan), first, the governors or superiors of the prefectures, and the heads of the years entered Beijing with tribute, which was called the imperial envoy, also known as the examination envoy. The Beijing division has no residence, and the house and the businessman live together, and the first order is to have a division to make a residence for it. 25 During the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, "all the envoys of the world and the dynasty ordered the governor to assassinate Shi and Shangzuo." If the governor of the border state and the flood and drought components of the states are thorns, then it will be the official on its behalf. 26 After the Anshi Rebellion, most of the goods were directly escorted by special envoys and eunuchs sent by the imperial court, except for the occasional transportation by local envoys and state officials. The time of transporting the tribute, according to the record of volume 3 of the "Tang Liudian", "all go to Kyoto on October 25, and the household department is introduced to Shangshu Province on November 1st, and meet with the officials, and then gather in the examination hall, and the matter of performance appraisal should be displayed in the palace on the first day." "Those who pay tribute to the winter solstice should be displayed in the palace court, and they will be entered. 27 The means of transporting tribute can be broadly divided into two ways: water and land. Porcelain is fragile, and waterways should be its main mode of transportation.
As the main production area of Yue kiln celadon in the Tang Dynasty, Shanglin Lake Kiln Site Group relies on Shanglin Lake District, Shanglin Lake has existed in ancient times, the north of the lake area is connected to the Dongheng River, and then connected to the Zhedong Canal, to the north can be connected to the Sui and Tang Dynasty Grand Canal, to the east can be connected to Ningbo Port. A large part of the Yueyao tribute porcelain should be transported to the Liangjing area through the Zhedong Canal and the Sui-Tang Grand Canal. In addition to tribute porcelain, Yue kiln ordinary porcelain was also circulated in China through the above channels28. In recent years, in order to cooperate with the Grand Canal's application for World Heritage Status, the Anhui Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology has carried out the second active archaeological excavation of the site of the Grand Canal Wharf in Liuzi, Huaibei, revealing eight Tang Dynasty shipwrecks and wharf sites, and unearthed a large number of porcelain, including many Yue kiln porcelain, according to the information published so far, there are celadon jade bottom bowls (Fig. 24) 29. This shows that the Grand Canal played an important role in the process of transporting porcelain from the Yue kiln to the outside world.
(3) Summary
As the political center of the Tang Dynasty, the Yue kiln porcelain unearthed in the exclusive area of the royal palace, the imperial city, the royal garden and even the ruins of the royal temple should be of the highest grade, and this has also been verified by scientific archaeological excavations in recent years. In the Luoyang City Palace City and the Imperial City, Chang'an City Daming Palace Taiye Pool Ruins and Shaanxi Fufeng Famen Temple Underground Palace ** soil of the Yue kiln porcelain, according to the published materials, almost all of them are secret color porcelain. Combined with the recent excavation of the Siao kiln site in Shanglin Lake, the secret color porcelain began to appear around the middle of the Tang Dynasty (847-859), the Xiantong period (860-873) accounted for a considerable proportion, and the production reached its peak in the Zhonghe period (881-884). Therefore, the age of Yue kiln porcelain unearthed in these areas is no earlier than the middle of the Tang Dynasty, later than the age of the tribute porcelain of Huiji County in Yuezhou in the New Tang Dynasty Book and Geographical Chronicles, that is, later than the Tang Changqing period (821-824). The appearance of the Yue kiln tribute porcelain in the Tang Changqing period and whether the Yue kiln began to pay tribute porcelain earlier than the Changqing period remains to be explored. A few pieces of Yue kiln ware have been unearthed in the Guocheng area of the Liangjing area, which can reach the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and the products are well-made, and they are also fine products in the Yue kiln porcelain of the same period. In addition, in recent years, a number of southern celadon dating back to the early Tang Dynasty have been unearthed in Chang'an City, and a large number of them have the characteristics of Yue kiln porcelain in the early Tang Dynasty. Therefore, it seems that we can infer that the Yue kiln porcelain in the early Tang Dynasty may have been included in the list of porcelain used in the imperial court, and continued to be imported into the court as a tribute kiln in the late Tang Dynasty. According to research, the Yue kiln tribute porcelain may have some relationship with tea drinking and tribute tea, and the Yue kiln as a tribute kiln tribute porcelain may have begun shortly after the "Book of Tea" was written, that is, after the early years of the Shangyuan Dynasty (760-761)30, but its origin may have begun in the early Tang Dynasty.
Although there is no clear record of the Yue kiln porcelain tribute to the ** dynasty in ancient documents, under the historical background, it should be transferred to the ** dynasty as a tribute. As for its transportation path, from the current point of view, to a large extent, it should be transported through the Zhedong Canal and the Sui-Tang Grand Canal. Of course, in addition to tribute porcelain, the domestic and foreign circulation of ordinary Yue kiln celadon should also be distributed through this channel.
1 28 Camp Shesey. A phased study on the distribution of porcelain from the Yue kiln in the Tang and Song dynasties[D] M.A., Peking University**, 2013
2 Mu Xiaojun, Liu Rui, Chen Xiaojie. Tang Chang'an City Taiping Fang southeast corner unearthed relics JWenbo, 1998 (6).
3 Joint archaeological team of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Nara Institute of Cultural Properties, an independent administrative corporation of Japan. Xi'an Tang Chang'an City Daming Palace Taiye Pond Site JArchaeology, 2005(7).
4 Joint archaeological team of the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and the Nara Institute of Cultural Properties, an independent administrative corporation of Japan. Xi'an Tang Chang'an City, Daming Palace, Taiye Pond Site New Discovery JArchaeology, 2005 (12).
5 Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties: Archaeological Excavation Report from 1959 to 2001 mCultural Relics Press, 2014Luoyang Tangcheng Team, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Luoyang Tang Dongdu Fu Daofang Bai Juyi Former Residence Excavation Briefing JArchaeology, 1994(8).
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10 Kang Caiyuan. Tang Dynasty Yue kiln celadon research mTaiwan Mulan Culture Publishing House, 2011:33-34
11 The Tang Dynasty periodization discussed in this article is as follows: the early Tang Dynasty, which corresponds to the first year of Tang Gaozu Wude to the fourteenth year of Emperor Xuanzong Tianbao of Tang Dynasty (618-755);In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the era corresponds to the first year of Tang Suzong to the first year of De to the fifteenth year of Tang Xianzong (756-820);In the late Tang Dynasty, the era corresponded from the first year of Changqing of Tang Muzong to the second year of Tianyou of Tang Aizong (821-907). Refer to Camp Shea. A phased study of the distribution of porcelain in the Tang and Song dynastiesM.A., Peking University**, 2013
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18 "Originally, it was a lotus root supplied by Wuzhou, and now it is a parasitic lotus in Yishui. "Ginseng Bai Juyi. The Sixth Autumn Re-titled White Lotus m Quantang Poems (Vol. 449), Zhonghua Book Company, 1999
19 Song Ouyang Xiu, written by Song Qi. New Tang Dynasty Book (Vol. 41) "Yuezhou Huiji County" Article M, Zhonghua Book Company, 1975:1060
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22 Collection of the Xi'an Research Office of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the information has not yet been published.
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25 Song Sima Guang, ed. Information Governance Tongjian MChung Hwa Book Company, 1956:6193-6206
26 27 Written by Tang Li Linfu. Tang Liudian MChung Hwa Book Company, 1992:64-79
29 Chen Chao. Anhui Liuzi Canal site unearthed porcelain from the Tang to Yuan Dynasty JCeramic Archaeology Letters, 2015 (2)In addition, archaeologists unearthed a large number of porcelain fragments (pieces) during the first archaeological excavation of the Liuzi Canal site, including a large number of Yue kiln celadons, and the era span is large, involving Yue kiln products from the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties, and the early Northern Song Dynasty. Participated in the Anhui Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, edited by the Huaibei City Museum of Anhui Province. Huaibei Liuzi Canal site excavation report mScience Press, 2002:97
30 Camp Shesey. Research on the Phases and Related Issues of Yue Kiln Porcelain Distribution in Tang Dynasty m Cultural Development Center of Keqiao District, Shaoxing City, etc. Symposium on Vietnamese Porcelain Culture. China Federation of Literary and Art Circles Press, 2018
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