China's tunnel tactics have a long history and have played a huge role in warfare since they were first created during the Sino-French War in 1884. In various historical periods, tunnel tactics have been inherited and developed in different countries. This article will delve into the evolution of tunnel warfare, from the origin of Chinese tunnel warfare to its application in major wars around the world, and finally focus on how the Chinese volunteers creatively responded to powerful alliances through tunnel tactics during the Korean War.
The pioneer of ancient Chinese tactics: the prototype of tunnel warfare.
Tunnel warfare can be traced back to the Sino-French War in 1884, when the Qing army built a tunnel that could accommodate 3,000 people in Jinji Mountain, the fortress of Zhenhai, in order to resist the attack of the French army, which became the prototype of tunnel warfare. Since then, tunnel tactics have been applied by Germany, Japan and other countries in different historical periods, but it was in the Korean War that it really reached its peak.
Korean War: The pinnacle of tunnel warfare.
At the outbreak of the Korean War, in the face of the joint air supremacy and powerful firepower, the Sino-Korean coalition forces adopted a large number of tunnel fortifications in order to reduce the number of tunnels and formed a defense system with tunnels as the backbone. This innovative application and development successfully blocked the joint attack, and finally forced the United States to sign the armistice agreement.
The skillful use of the Volunteer Army: horseshoe-shaped tunnel fortifications.
During the Korean War, a squad of the Volunteer Army was ordered to garrison the outpost at the mouth of the North Han River Bridge. Not only did they repel enemy attacks, but they also skillfully used trench tactics. The fighters were busy fighting the enemy during the day, and desperately digging dugouts at night. Even in the face of the danger of being destroyed by the enemy, they still insisted on connecting the bomb shelters to each other, forming a horseshoe-shaped tunnel fortification, which provided important experience for later tunnel warfare.
The popularization of tunnel warfare in the volunteer army: seven defense requirements.
In the autumn of 1951, the Volunteer Army began to build tunnel fortifications on a large scale along the entire line. In April 1952, the Chinese People's Volunteers put forward the "seven defenses" requirement, emphasizing that tunnel fortifications should be combined with field fortifications to form a complete system that can fight, defend, maneuver, and live. After that, tunnel fortifications were built in the 1st and 2nd defensive zones.
Practical effects of tunnel warfare: the dual role of defense and hiding.
The greatest role of tunnel warfare is defense. The data shows that during defensive operations in the summer and autumn of 1951, the joint ** fired an average of 40 to 60 shells, killing and wounding one of us. And in 1952, after the tunnel fortifications began to play a role, the joint ** fired an average of 660 shells to kill and wound one of us. The second major role of tunnel fortifications is to hide, which can effectively hide people and materials in wartime and ensure combat effectiveness and survivability.
Challenges and Responses to Tunnel Warfare: The Difficult Experience of the Battle of Shangganling.
In the Battle of Shangganling, the tunnel soldiers of our army encountered serious difficulties. The enemy sabotaged our tunnel fortifications by means of fortifications, blockades, earth and rocks, bombing and blasting, etc., causing the soldiers in the tunnels to fall into extreme hardship. Faced with the cut off of water sources, the smell of gunpowder, sulfur, and blood, the soldiers struggled to hold on, and even had to resort to extreme measures such as drinking urine in order to survive.
Night counterattack in tunnel warfare: counterattack under the cover of night.
As night fell, the warriors in the tunnel no longer sat still. In small groups, they came out of the tunnels and launched small night counterattacks. This flexible tactic leaves the enemy helpless and adds a touch of color to the tunnel warfare.
The role of tunnel warfare in the big **: both offensive and defensive.
In the preparation stage of the big **, the tunnel became an ideal place for the cantonment of troops and the storage of war materials. By digging trenches and fortifications at the point where the offensive was launched, our troops could shorten the impact distance and reduce ** in the event that the enemy was unprepared, and at the same time achieve the effect of surprise.
Epilogue. Tunnel tactics, as China's ancient war wisdom, reached its peak in the Korean War. Through an in-depth analysis of the historical evolution and practical application of tunnel warfare, we have a deeper understanding of the multifaceted nature of this tactic and its unique value in modern warfare. Although the tunnel tactic has been carefully studied in countries around the world after the war, its ingenious use is still an unsolved mystery.
As an ancient and exquisite wisdom of war, tunnel tactics shows its importance in historical evolution and its pinnacle innovation in the Korean War through the in-depth elaboration of this article. The multifaceted nature of this tactic is reflected in both its defensive and offensive aspects, as well as in its international inheritance and development in different historical periods. From the article, we can see that tunnel tactics are not only China's traditional military wisdom, but also a unique tactic that continues to play a role in modern warfare.
First of all, the historical origin of tunnel tactics shows its importance in the history of China. From the beginning of the Sino-French War to the pinnacle innovation in the Korean War, tunnel tactics have always occupied a special position in the development of Chinese affairs. Through the long river of history, the article depicts the evolution of tunnel tactics, so that people have a clearer understanding of the interpretation and inheritance of this transmission technique.
Second, the use of tunnel tactics in the Korean War is even more remarkable. In the face of joint air supremacy and firepower superiority, the Chinese and North Korean coalition forces skillfully constructed tunnel fortifications and formed a defense system with tunnels as the backbone. This creative use not only successfully blocked the enemy's attack and eventually forced the United States to sign the armistice agreement, but also provided a powerful example for the practical application of tunnel tactics in modern warfare.
In addition, the article describes in detail the practical effects of the pit tactics, including the dual role of defense and hiding. Through the comparison of data, the remarkable effect of tunnel fortifications in improving survivability and combat effectiveness is clearly demonstrated. Tunnel fortifications can not only effectively block the enemy's offensive, but also provide a safe hiding place for the army to ensure that the supplies are sufficient.
Finally, the article also mentions the challenges and responses of tunneling tactics in the face of difficult situations. In the Battle of Shangganling, the tunnel soldiers of our army faced a variety of destruction methods of the enemy, and the harsh living environment made people feel the same way. However, the gritty fighters gritted their teeth in the face of adversity, and the skirmish in the night showed their resourcefulness and courage in extreme circumstances.
In general, the essence of tunnel tactics lies in its ingenious application and flexible application, which is not only the crystallization of ancient Chinese wisdom, but also a unique weapon in modern warfare. Through an in-depth interpretation of this tactic, we have come to a deeper understanding that in warfare, traditional military wisdom still has important value, while tunnel tactics are unique in military history due to their multifaceted and practical nature.
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