In June 1928, the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Moscow, and in his absence, he was elected as a member, and the number of votes was higher than that of Cai Hesen, Xiang Ying, Ren Bishi, Qu Qiubai, and Li Li.
3. Zhang Guotao ......
Why was *** absent from the Sixth National Congress but elected as a member of the ** committee?Until the early 90s of the 20th century, this matter was not conclusively determined.
Around 1990, the Soviet Union declassified a number of archives, and after sorting and summarizing by experts in literature, history and party history, they finally figured out this "historical mystery".
It turned out that it was because of the "recommendation" of a ** person, *who would be elected as a ** member in the absence of the Sixth National Congress.
This ** person's name is Pavel Aleksandrovich Miff (hereinafter referred to as Miff), and he is the teacher of Wang Ming, Bogu and others.
So, why is the Big Six absent?In what way will Miff help *** become a member of the committee?
On July 23, 1921, the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held at No. 76 Xingye Road, Shanghai.
The meeting included more than 50 party members across the country, including Li Da, Zhang Guotao, Liu Renjing, Dong Biwu, Chen Gongbo, Zhou Fohai, etc.
Comintern delegates Marin and Nikolsky were also present at the congress.
Due to the obstruction of the reactionaries and the concession police, the process of convening the First National Congress was not a complete success.
In the years that followed, the Communist Party of China (CPC) convened five consecutive National Congresses.
In June 1928, the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Wuyi Village, a suburb of Moscow, Soviet Union.
The meeting was held in a highly confidential manner and was attended by 142 delegates, all of whom had taken pseudonyms.
The Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was the first and only time to be held abroad.
In April 1927, the Chiang Kai-shek clique launched the "April 12 Counter-Revolutionary Coup", the first Kuomintang-Communist cooperation broke down, and the vigorous Great Revolution, which lasted for three years, failed.
On July 15, 1927, two months after the conclusion of the Fifth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Wuhan Nationals and Nationalists led by Wang Jingwei officially announced the "Split Communist".
The White Terror instantly enveloped major cities across the country.
Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei immediately gathered their minions and wantonly arrested ** Communist Party members and revolutionary masses.
According to incomplete statistics, from April 1927 to June 1928, the number of Communists killed reached 2More than 60,000 people;Nearly 300,000 revolutionaries died innocently and tragically.
The losses were so heavy that when the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held, only a general number could be calculated, and there were still about 40,000 Communist Party members in the country at that time.
The Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China became the only congress that did not write out how many party members there were in the country.
In other words, the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was held at the most difficult time since the birth of the CPC.
The country is not at peace, and there is no safe place to hold the national congress.
Even if the Sixth National Congress had to be held in China, if the reactionaries were wiped out while the meeting was in progress, the consequences would be unimaginable.
Some comrades in the party have also proposed that the venue of the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China be set in Hong Kong or Macao.
Went round and round but did not reach an agreement. In the end, under the consultation and coordination of the CCP and the Comintern, it was decided to place the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China in the Soviet Union.
One is safety;The second is that the CCP was desperate to get timely guidance and assistance from the Comintern.
From late April to early May 1928, **Qu Qiubai and other leaders** secretly went to Moscow in batches with more than 100 delegates of the Sixth National Congress.
On June 9, 1928, on the eve of the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Stalin met with Qu Qiubai, Su Zhaozheng, and Li Li.
3. Xiang Zhongfa, ** and other representatives of the Communist Party of China.
On June 18, 1928, the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was officially held in Moscow.
By July 11, the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was successfully concluded.
The Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was a meeting of great historical significance.
In all fairness, this conference was a serious summing up of the experience of the failure of the Great Revolution.
The CCP and the Comintern held repeated consultations on a series of serious controversies and fundamental issues concerning the Chinese revolution, and basically gave correct answers.
It has played a positive role in the future direction and development of the Chinese revolution.
However, the Sixth National Congress still lacks a correct understanding of social class relations in China.
For example, although Stalin had a clear understanding of the Chinese revolution as a whole, he always pursued a more "left" line.
At that time, the Comintern supported the road of encircling the cities from the countryside, but on the question of how to proceed, the leaders of the Comintern headed by Stalin still pursued a series of "left" policies, replacing a series of correct policies.
Sure enough, Xiang Zhongfa, who was born as a worker, was elected as the top leader of the Communist Party of China at the Sixth National Congress.
Among the 23 ** members and 13 ** alternate members, there are 21 workers.
The congress overemphasized the recruitment of industrial workers into the party, increased the worker composition of party members, promoted a large number of worker cadres to leading posts, realized the party's "leading workers to overcome the so-called opportunist mistakes", and ensured the correct line of the party.
Therefore, ** said: "The 'Big Six' is a mistake of principle that will have a bad impact on the future." ”
After Xiang Zhongfa became the leader, he actually did not lead our party back on the right track.
On the contrary, he actively echoed the "leftist" adventurist mistakes pursued by Li Lisan, which led to many detours in our party.
It was a major organizational mistake to appoint Xiang Zhongfa, who was born as a worker with a low theoretical level and weak work ability, as the party's top leader.
Later, Xiang Zhongfa's leadership position was controlled by Wang Ming, Bogu and others, and he himself was shot dead by the Kuomintang reactionary ** in June 1931.
Therefore, the convening of the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China has played a certain guiding role in the CCP at the crossroads, and has also solved some basic problems.
However, on the most crucial issue of the party's future and destiny, the views of the CPC, the Comintern, and some leading comrades within the party are contrary to each other.
There is still a long way to go on the road to revolution.
At the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China held in Moscow, the Soviet Union, two important figures of the Communist Party of China did not attend, namely Chen Duxiu and ***
Chen Duxiu was an important founder of the Communist Party of China and the initiator of China's New Culture Movement.
** is another rising star of the Communist Party of China, who has a deep understanding of Marxism-Leninism, applies what he has learned, and puts forward the work line of encircling the cities from the countryside for the first time.
Although it was suppressed by Chen Duxiu and others, it failed to materialize).
However, compared with Chen Duxiu's deliberate failure to participate in the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, ** did not participate because of three reasons.
First, there is no time.
After the defeat of the Great Revolution in 1927, the Communist Party of China launched three famous uprisings, one of which was the Autumn Harvest Uprising led by *** on the border of Hunan and Jiangxi in September 1927.
After the outbreak of the Autumn Harvest Uprising, the troops attacked Changsha and suffered a setback, and ** led everyone to march to Jinggang Mountain, Jiangxi Province in the middle of the Luoxiao Mountains, creating the first rural revolutionary base under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.
In February 1928, he led his troops to carry out guerrilla warfare near Jinggangshan and established the workers' and peasants' soldiers organized by the Communist Party.
At this point, the Jinggangshan revolutionary base area with Ninggang as the center began to take shape, and a situation of armed secession of workers and peasants on the Hunan and Jiangxi borders was formed.
From April to May 1928, the remaining troops of the Nanchang Uprising led by Wang Erzhuo came to Jinggangshan with the troops of the Southern Hunan Uprising, and realized the division with the first division.
This is the folk word of mouth "Zhu Mao Hui Shi".
After the successful rendezvous with ***, the troops were merged into one to form the Fourth Army of the Red Army.
Time is tight, the task is heavy, and the burden is very heavy.
During this period, it happened that the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Moscow, so there must be no time to go to the Soviet Union in a foreign country to participate in the congress.
Second, the Comintern did not have a concrete *** or the two were not connected at all.
At the beginning of 1928, he successfully opened up the Jinggangshan revolutionary base area, and then lost contact with the CCP for a long time.
It's not that *** took the initiative to break away from *** leadership.
Because of the encirclement and interception of the Kuomintang reactionaries, *** led the troops to travel to the three provinces of Hunan, Jiangxi and Fujian, and went back and forth with the enemy, and there was no time and energy to take the initiative to contact him.
Secondly, due to the poor conditions, there is no decent communication equipment around.
Due to the grim situation of the White Terror, the Hunan Provincial Party Committee was repeatedly destroyed at the end of 1927.
After the situation calmed down a little, ** tried to contact ** and the Hunan Provincial Party Committee many times.
Later, in January and March 1928, he wrote two letters to the Communist Party of China and the Hunan Provincial Party Committee, but these letters were all lost.
In November 1927, the Hunan Provincial Party Committee sent Comrade Du Xiujing to contact ***
Before May 1928, Du Xiujing went to Jinggangshan twice, but he did not see ***
Temporarily, I sent someone to find ***, but I didn't catch up.
At the beginning of June 1928, the provisional ** received a written report sent by *** on May 2.
Due to the rush of time, by the time I was waiting for the temporary ** to reply to ***, the latter received the letter in mid-June 1928.
Objectively speaking, even if the time and place of the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China were known at that time,He was also unable to travel thousands of miles from Jinggangshan, Jiangxi Province to Moscow to attend the conference.
Third, the Comintern had a cognitive impairment of ***.
At that time, the Comintern believed that the mistakes made in the Central Committee and the failure of the Great Revolution were due to too few intellectuals in the Party and too many bourgeoisie.
When selecting delegates to the Sixth National Congress, the Comintern tried to select Party members of workers' origin, and did not gather grassroots cadres with revolutionary experience at that time.
According to statistics, the six representatives of the workers' background accounted for 52 of the total4%；Farmers accounted for only 71%；Intellectuals accounted for 404%。
**Graduated from Hunan Normal College, with a low academic background, no experience of studying abroad, and has been rooted in the rural grassroots for a long time.
To put it bluntly, ** was the representative of the bourgeoisie and the cadres of the workers' and peasants' background, which was easily ignored by the Comintern at that time.
Because of such cognitive impairments, whether or not to attend the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China would not have played any decisive role for the Comintern.
In addition, **At that time, he was besieged by many people within the CCP**, and his mentor Chen Duxiu publicly opposed the line of encircling the city from the countryside proposed by ***.
In the process of leading the Autumn Harvest Uprising, the CCP believed that he "completely violated the decision" and gave him many sanctions.
In November 1927, an enlarged meeting of the Politburo was held, and he was expelled as an alternate member of the Provisional Politburo and dismissed the current member of the Hunan Provincial Party Committee.
At the end of December 1927, a telegram sent to the Hunan Provincial Party Committee again criticized *** for making extremely serious political mistakes."
In March 1928, the Hunan Provincial Party Committee carried out the first instruction, criticized the work of *** too right, and burned too little", and even canceled the former enemy committee of the Communist Party of China with *** as the secretary.
** No longer as secretary, but as an alternate member.
Therefore, both the Comintern and the CCP have a negative and critical attitude towards the series of work lines put forward by the Communist Party.
There is even a big opinion about this person.
At that time, the CCP did not agree at all with the encirclement of the city by the countryside, and it was still a road to the black, emphasizing that the workers' leadership of urban riots was of decisive significance, which was an urban-centric theory with a strong European revolutionary color.
It works in European countries, but it will not be suitable in China.
I would have turned my heart to the bright moon, but the bright moon shone on the ditch.
** After several years of investigation in the countryside, a series of work guidelines put forward are the only guidelines that can quickly lead the Communist Party of China back on the right track, but they have been met with unwarranted suspicion and suspicion from people with ulterior motives.
The above three points are the key factors in the absence of the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China.
Since he was absent from the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Comintern and the CCP did not seem to want to see him, but why was he elected as a member of the Sixth National Congress with a high number of votes?even got more votes than *** Cai Hesen, Ren Bishi, and Qu Qiubai?
It turned out that this was related to Comrade Li Weihan and the Comintern's dispatch to the CCP's ** work, and the two of them tried their best to recommend it.
On May 25, 1928, Li Weihan, who stayed behind, sent a letter to the delegation of the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China.
This letter expounded in detail to the Comintern the remarkable achievements made in the struggle against Jinggangshan.
Li Weihan gave a detailed account of the agrarian revolution led by the revolution at great length, and repeatedly used the phrase "the form is quite good" and "the future of the revolution is in full swing" to evaluate the struggle in the Jinggangshan base area under his leadership.
A copy of this document was sent on June 26, 1928 by Mif, the head of the Comintern in the East, to Stalin, Pyatnitsky, Bukharin, and other leaders of the Comintern.
This was the first time that the Comintern had a detailed understanding of the details of the agrarian struggle led by ***.
This report was sent at the time of the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and before the election of the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China on July 10, 1928.
As the person in charge of the specific work of the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Mif's good intentions in handing over this letter to Stalin at such a critical moment are also obvious.
First of all, a brief introduction to Miff's profile.
Born in 1901, he was a member of a Marxist group under the leadership of the Social Democratic Labour Party in secondary school.
In 1919, Miv entered the Moscow Institute of Socialism as a XiIn May of the following year, he joined the Red Army and worked in the Political Department of the Front.
From 1920 to 1924, Miff entered the party and Soviet work, and later served as vice president of Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow and deputy head of the Oriental Department of the Comintern, where he was directly involved in the Comintern's guidance of the Chinese revolution.
As a representative of the Communist International, he participated in the entire Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China.
In addition, Miff is a member of five drafting groups.
In order to prepare the draft resolution of the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Comintern was divided into 11 groups and was responsible for drafting the relevant resolutions.
Miff participated in five of these groups: the Charters Group;Land Programme Group;Agricultural ** group;Military Resolution Group;Organize a resolution group.
Because of this, after receiving this letter, Miff had a different view of the "Chinese revolution" than he had in the past.
On the occasion of the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Miff made it clear in the draft land: We cannot, and should not, impose on the peasants the practice of a general and equal distribution of land.
The Party should confiscate all landlords, semi-landlords, and other private lands and distribute them to the poor peasants and the landless middle peasants on an equal basis.
He also notedThe task set by the Sixth Resolution of the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China is to unswervingly establish an independent class organization of the rural proletariat, and the Party should propagate the necessity of carrying out a thorough socialist transformation.
To put it more bluntly, Miff's point of view, which coincides with the idea of carrying out land reform, links the peasant question to the non-capitalist future of the Chinese revolution.
Of course, Miff's ability to have such a clear understanding is related to the fact that he received this letter from Li Weihan.
It is undeniable that on the premise that he did not participate in the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, these resolutions proposed by Miff pointed out the direction for later China to a certain extent.
In this case, as the specific person in charge of the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, before the election of the first member, he expanded the detailed experience of the revolutionary struggle with Jinggangshan to the top level of the Comintern and the Soviet Ministry.
This can be used to convey informationIt proved the correctness of the Comintern's policy of mobilizing the peasants to carry out the agrarian revolution, to establish the Soviets, and to promote the upsurge of the Chinese revolution
Secondly,This letter can confirm the land draft proposed by Miff before, influence the delegates of the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, indirectly condense the prestige of the Comintern affected by the defeat of the Great Revolution, and increase the implementation of many lines.
Miff's proposal was supported by Stalin.
Although Stalin and Miff pursued a very "left" line on the whole, this did not prevent the Comintern from shifting its focus to the countryside and supporting the encirclement of the cities by the countryside.
During Chen Duxiu's tenure as general secretary, he made a serious "rightist" mistake, resulting in the work center not being placed in the countryside.
The "left" deviation line is not marked by whether or not to adhere to the "urban-centric theory", Stalin and Miv supported *** to go through the countryside to encircle the cities, but on the question of how to go about it, the Comintern still leaned "left".
But at least in terms of the central idea, Miff, Stalin, and ** are on the same front.
In this way, under the influence of relevant factors such as the fact that the struggle in Jinggangshan in Jiangxi Province has achieved remarkable results, and under the influence of relevant factors such as Mifu, the head of the Comintern in the East, and the strong recommendation of Stalin, the leading comrade of the party, he has become a representative of the party with a pioneering consciousness and the implementation of the correct line.
The root cause lies in the most remarkable achievements made in the practice of opening up revolutionary base areas and struggles, in waging armed struggle, in carrying out the agrarian revolution and in establishing Soviet power in the countryside.
Otherwise, Miff and Stalin would not have been able to support it at all, and they still had to take into account the influence of the "guilty body" at that time.
On July 10, 1928, the six ** members of the Communist Party of China, ** were nominated by Mifu and elected as ** members by the General Assembly, ranking 12th among the 23 ** members.
The above article briefly introduced some personal information about Miff, and some facts about his efforts to recommend *** to become a member of the ** committee at the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China.
So do you think that such a person as Miff, under his direct or indirect leadership, must have played an important role in the development of the Chinese revolution.
This perception is not entirely true.
After Miff became deputy head of the Comintern's Oriental Department, he was indeed directly involved in the Comintern's guidance of the Chinese revolution.
He once desperately helped Wang Ming, Bogu and others to come to power, causing *** incident, which cannot be ignored.
** Ever said"The Comintern is good at both ends and bad in the middle. ”
Because Wang Ming, Bogu and others have tried their best to crack down on exclusion ***, everyone is Xi to regard Miff as the key figure of the "middle difference".
The truth of history is that Miff has a positive attitude towards ***.
During the Agrarian Revolutionary War, within the Comintern, the highest evaluation of *** was Miff.
In July 1927, the 10th Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Comintern was convened, and at the 13th meeting, Miff praised the great victory of the Red Army led by ** and ***.
He also mentioned it twice in his statement at the 21st meeting"The relevant report submitted by the chairman of the Soviet Union is well-founded. ”
On the 15th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, Miff issued a highly praised article"* was a wise and courageous military general, a loyal and courageous Bolshevik. ”
In addition, Miff not only tried his best to recommend *** at the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China In early 1931, at the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee presided over by Miff, he was again elected as an alternate member of the Politburo.
If Miff wants to crack down on the exclusion of ***, then it is impossible to be continuously elected as a member of the ** committee and an alternate member of the Politburo at the ** plenary session or the previous Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China manipulated by Miff.
It stands to reason that Mifu is the teacher of Wang Ming, Bogu and others, and the emotional relationship between the teacher and the apprentice is extraordinary.
And Miff and *** have only met once at the Fifth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and they have no personal relationship at all.
Why would he be so fond of ***?
In fact, Miff's later status was suddenly surpassed by the former ** Wang Ming, which led to an imbalance in his heart.
Therefore, in the history of the relations between the Comintern and the Chinese revolution, Miff is definitely a figure who has more than one merit.
He caused huge losses to the Chinese revolution and played some positive roles in the Chinese revolution.
It is undeniable that Miff was a communist who had been active in the ranks of the revolution all his life.
He still did something meaningful to the Chinese revolution at a certain time, including supporting *** to go to the countryside and surround the cities.
On the land issue and the peasant issue, Mifu provided valuable advice to our party in formulating land policies and how to deal with peasant movements at different times.
If Miff had not put this letter on the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China and reported it to Stalin and others, perhaps the future of the Chinese revolution would have been bleak.
In short, we should objectively evaluate the relationship between Miff and the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese revolution in an attitude of seeking truth from facts.
In 1927, Chiang Kai-shek betrayed the revolution, and then the Nanchang Uprising, the Autumn Harvest Uprising, and the Guangzhou Uprising failed** Leading the team to Jinggang Mountain, creating a spark for the Chinese revolution and setting the prairie on fire.
Without the Jinggangshan revolutionary road with Chinese characteristics, there would be no New China, and there would be no prosperous and strong socialist road with Chinese characteristics.
There is nothing difficult in the world, as long as you are willing to climb", do not forget the original intention and the fire of the red star, keep integrity and innovation, and the cause of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics will be more brilliant.