China in the 20s of the last century was an era of drastic convergence of Eastern and Western ideas and fierce changes in old and new ideas. In the camp of exploring the social revolution, groups of national elites and heroes have emerged, who have saved the day and denounced the old diseasesThey support justice and acupuncture the evils of the times;They are reforming the old and trying to find a new way. Among them, the emergence of the earliest group of revolutionaries of the Communist Party of China has found the answer to this light of the future.
Today, I will focus on Peng Pai, the earliest revolutionary of the Communists, in order to recall the peasant feelings of the two of them, and to discover the great power of the working peasants at the bottom of Chinese society, and the true friendship of revolutionary life and death between the two leaders of the peasant movement.
First, the peasant feelings of Peng Pai
Today, we know that Peng Pai and others were recognized as the leaders of the peasant movement in the Communist Party of those years. However, the two leaders of the peasant movement have obviously different backgrounds. **Although he was born as a rich peasant, under the control of his father Mao Shunsheng, his family was well-off, his family had good land, a big house, long-term and short-term workers, and he often lent money to foreign countriesBut compared with Peng Pai's background, it is really a small thing, the industrial and commercial landlord family, the rich party, the family has thousands of hectares of fertile land, "the annual income is about 1,000 stone rent, a total of more than 1,500 peasant men, women and children under the control." "On average, fifty peasants were slaves per man."
Different backgrounds, but with the same kindness. They came from wealthy backgrounds, but they were naturally close to the peasants. The reality of the withering countryside and the poverty of the peasants once made the young couple deeply hate the decay and misery of the old society, and prompted them to often start to consolidate their kindness and give favors from an early age.
Such as *** in adolescenceWhen I was in a private school, there was no lunch at noon, so the students brought food to eat in the school. When he saw that some of his classmates from poor families had no food to eat, he often gave them some food, and sometimes simply gave it all to his classmates, but he endured hunger and waited until he got home for dinner. One year, when the weather was very cold, he met a classmate who was dressed in tatters and shivering from the cold on his way to school, so he resolutely took off a half-new jacket on his body. The Mao family has a farmer Li Nanhua who works as a part-time worker, and at the same time rents two acres of land from the Mao family. After the autumn harvest of one year, ** father asked him to go to the Li family to collect rent grain, but the harvest was not good that year, and the Li family had a large population, so life was quite difficult. Seeing this, he turned around and went home to the barn and piled up the grain, thus creating the illusion that there had been a lot of grain, so as to hide from his father. After that, he also persuaded his father to transfer his two acres of land to Li Nanhua, and tried his best to care for and help the Li family. Stories like this are too numerous to mention in the body of the teenager.
The same is true of Peng Pai, who is freshly dressed and angry, and has a rich family. He was extremely dissatisfied with the landlord class's predation on the common people and the tyranny of the bureaucracy. At the age of 14, he did two things that made SITC people proud. The first is to humiliate Tang Rumei, the commander of Haifeng County, who is rampant in the township and has done all the bad things, and the second is to support Lin Jinting, a teacher who has supported the progress of Haifeng Middle School. When he was 15 years old, he "collected rent" once, which made him feel the hardships of peasant life even more. When he was sent by his grandfather to collect rent from the old farmer's house, and saw that the old farmer's house was dilapidated and the current situation of being unclothed and hungry, he couldn't bear to speak, and turned his head to leave, when the old farmer stopped him and asked, "Son, is there something wrong?"He shook his head, gave the old farmer his pocket money, turned and left. When he returned home, his grandfather angrily accused him of being useless, but he retorted loudly: "My family has food and clothing, but the tenant family lacks food and clothing, so what do you charge him for rent?!".”
If that's all, **Peng Pai is not a very different and different character. At best, he is a great good man of the times. The difference between them is that they dare to rebel against old rules and bad habits, and dare to show their swords. But this kind of deviance is a favor to the common people and a thunderous voice to the old society.
Today, we all know Peng Pai's feat of burning the land deed in anger from a rich family, and issued a bloody blood of "self-cultivation and self-food in the future, no longer have to pay rent grain". But few people know that the same is true of *** back then, in order to do the revolution without hindrance, in 1921, ** and the second brother Mao ** agreed: for the sake of the revolutionary cause, all the assets of the Mao family were disposed of. If there is something in the family that owes money to others, use the money and land left in the family to pay it back. If someone else owes money to their family, they will write it all off. The rest of the land and ancestral houses were to be given to the poor people in the village, and their brothers did not keep any of them.
Of course, Peng Pai, who later embarked on the road of revolution, because the roles of the two were different, so there was a sequence in the specific time of practicing the peasant movement. After the founding of the party in 1921, as a representative of the first congress, he began the organizational construction of the Hunan Communist Party and the workers' movement, so he obviously lagged behind Peng Pai in Guangdong in the specific promotion of the peasant movement.
It should be said that Peng Pai was the first person to realize the importance of farmers, and it can be said that he was the first person in both cognition and action (although the Yaqian Village Peasant Association in Xiaoshan, Zhejiang Province is the first peasant association in China, its influence is too small). For example, in June 1922, Peng Pai began to carry out agricultural activities, and on July 29, Peng Pai and Zhang Ma'an and other 6 people established Hailufeng's first peasant association - "Six Peasant Association", and in the same year, he wrote the book "Haifeng Agricultural Movement", which was also known as the "King of Agricultural Movement". In January 1923, he established the Haifeng County General Peasant Association and established the Peasant Self-Defense Army.
Of course, ** followed suit, and it was also recognized very early on that there was great power in farmers. At the three major sessions of the Communist Party of China in June 1923, the "Resolution on the Peasant Question" proposed by him was passed, but unfortunately it was not organized and implemented, and the reason for the failure to implement it was because he held an important position in the party, and for the first time after the three major congresses, he entered the core leadership of the party for the first time and assisted Chen Duxiu in handling various affairs within the partySecond, because the mainstream ideology in the party at that time was the workers' movement, the peasant movement was misunderstood as a "ruffian movement" during this period and was completely ostracized. Later, after the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, he was elected as an alternate executive member of the Kuomintang and served as the secretary of the Shanghai Executive Department of the Kuomintang, and he had no time to engage in agricultural activities.
However, it is worth mentioning that although he did not directly promote the peasant movement, he indirectly promoted the peasant movement in Hunan, and it was when he was the secretary of the district party committee that he burned the party organizations in various parts of Hunan and detonated the workers' and peasants' movement in Hunan. For example, at the beginning of 1923, he sent two party members to carry out agricultural activities in the northern Baiguo area of Hengshan Yuebei, Hunan. By September of that year, they had established the first peasant movement organization in Hunan, the Yuebei Peasant Union. By the end of the year, this peasant association had grown to tens of thousands of members and organized the peasants to carry out the struggle to level the rice and prevent the landlords from leaving the country, thus creating a great momentum and influence in Hunan.
This situation was maintained until January 1925, when after the Kuomintang Shanghai Executive Office suffered all kinds of difficulties from the Kuomintang diehards and could not carry out his work normally, he finally took leave on the grounds of illness, and returned to his hometown of Shaoshan Chong in Hunan in March of the same year before officially starting his agricultural ** movement. As soon as he returned to Shaoshan, he immediately set up a special branch of the Communist Party of China, and in the following months he completed the article "Analysis of the Classes of Chinese Society", in which the banner clearly stated that the largest and most loyal ally of the Chinese proletariat was the peasantry. It is precisely because of this premise that in 1927, he carried out an agricultural investigation in Hunan, traveling more than 700 kilometers, and wrote the famous "Hunan Agricultural Investigation Report", which became the guiding document of China's agricultural movement.
2. The revolutionary friendship between Peng Pai and the two
In 1924, the First National Congress of the Kuomintang established the three major policies of "uniting with Russia, uniting with the Communist Party, and supporting peasants and workers." This is a remarkable policy, which indicates that both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party have put the peasants and workers on the track of the times and put them on the stage of history. Not only that, but then, the National Executive Committee set up the Ministry of Peasants, organized the Peasant Movement Committee, and promulgated the "Constitution of the Peasant Association" approved by Sun Yat-sen, and successively issued the first and second declarations on the peasant movement, calling on the peasants to organize associations and establish self-defense forces. For a time, the agricultural movement has sprung up.
It is worth mentioning that two Peng Pai, one at the First National Congress of the Kuomintang, was an alternate member of the Executive Committee and served as the secretary of the Shanghai Executive Department of the Kuomintang;One was later appointed by Sun Yat-sen as secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture. It was also during this period that they began to shake hands. Since then, they have started a period of mutual appreciation and close cooperation in their careers.
During this period, Peng Pai even contributed to the fire, advocating the establishment of the Agricultural Movement Training Institute and serving as the first.
1. Director of the Fifth Workshop, (At the end of December 1925, the Guangzhou Agricultural Training Institute was held for five sessions, with a total of 603 students, mainly from Guangdong Province, except for Peng Pai.
In addition to the first and fifth directors, Luo Qiyuan, Ruan Xiaoxian, Tan Zhitang and other members of the department have successively served as directors) All this has made Peng Pai have the greatest contribution and great influence on the agricultural movement in Guangdong, and has boosted the spread and development of the national agricultural movement. At the same time, from 1924 to 1925, he successively wrote the "Report on the Movement of Haifeng Agriculture" (in October 1926, the Guangdong Provincial Peasant Association renamed the book "Haifeng Agriculture").He is known as the "king of agriculture" and is cited as a confidant of the revolution.
It was during this period that the two revolutionary comrades-in-arms began their handshake and created a good period for their cause of China's peasants. Today, it seems that it can be manifested in two major aspects:During the period of the Guangzhou Agricultural Mobilization Training Institute, Wuhan presided over the period of agricultural propaganda.
1. During the period of the Guangzhou Agricultural Machinery Training Institute, we can see from the public party history information that Peng Pai, who is known as the "king of agricultural movement", his hometown Hailufeng agricultural movement has become a place he yearns for, and can be realized after he served as the director of the Guangzhou Agricultural Movement Training Institute.
In 1926, in order to meet the upcoming Northern Expedition and promote the national agricultural movement, Lin Boqu, then Minister of National Agriculture, proposed the establishmentThe 6th Agricultural Mobilization Workshop, and changed the original director system to the director system, and invited *** to serve as the director, Gao Yuhan as the director of the Political Training Department, and Xiao Chunu as the director of academic affairs. It was during his tenure as the director that the influence of the Agricultural Lecture Institute expanded from Guangdong to the whole country, which greatly promoted Peng Pai's original wish. After a rigorous screening examination, the 6th Agricultural Lecture Institute finally enrolled more than 300 students from 20 provinces and regions across the country.
On May 15, 1926, the 6th Agricultural Lecture Institute officially opened, offering a total of 25 courses and a teaching time of 13 weeks. The teaching content is personally screened by ***, adhering to the principle of "first focusing on the interpretation of the party's doctrine;Second, we should pay attention to the inculcation of the basic knowledge of the national revolutionThird, we should pay attention to the theory of agricultural movement and its implementation methodsFourth, pay attention to the principle of training in the practice and propaganda of assemblies and associations.
In addition to teaching in person, the Agricultural Lecture Institute also hired Peng Pai and Li Li.
3. Yun Daiying, Zhang Qiuren, An Ticheng, Zhou Qijian, Zhao Zixuan, Yu Shude and other 22 instructors taught, many of whom are middle school members with rich experience in agricultural activities.
There are a total of 8 agricultural mobilization courses, namely, teaching on Chinese peasant issues and rural education, teaching military movements and agricultural movements, Luo Qiyuan teaching on the resolution of the second peasant congress in Guangdong, Zhou Qijian teaching on the situation of the agricultural movement in Qujiang in Gaoyao, Guangning, Peng Pai teaching on the situation of the agricultural movement in Haifeng and Dongjiang, Yu Shude teaching on the introduction of rural cooperation, and Wei Yiguang and Pu Liangzhu teaching on agricultural knowledge. It is necessary to study both theory and armed struggle. In his class, Peng Pai lectured the students on the living conditions of Dongjiang farmers and their experience in carrying out agricultural activities. Peng Pai strongly advocated arming the peasants.
When studying peasant issues in various provinces, the trainees divided 13 peasant issue research societies according to different provinces and autonomous regions, and personally drew up 36 investigation items, such as land rent rates, landlord-tenant relations, local political organizations, regimental defense situations, military disasters and their impacts, and guided the trainees to conduct special studies on the political, economic, cultural, and military conditions in rural areas. This method not only allowed the trainees to increase their understanding of the agricultural situation in their hometowns, but also cultivated their field investigation and analysis skills.
Not only that, the agricultural lecture center implements a military establishment, and military training is also the focus of teaching. Therefore, we attach great importance to the military training of the cadets and put forward the idea of armed struggle that "to carry out revolution, we must fight with knives and guns against guns," so that the cadets can withstand the test of the arduous struggle environment when they work in the rural areas in the future.
He stipulated that the military training time should occupy one-third of the entire course, and that all the cadets should be organized into one corps, two squadrons, and six district teams according to their numbers, and that they would go to the East Campus early every morning to conduct drills, and often conduct unarmed parade drills in Huanghuagang and Baiyun Mountain to learn shooting, assassination, and various tactical movements. Through training at various levels, the cadets have cultivated the spirit of enduring hardships and standing hard work and their heroic and tenacious revolutionary will, and have become revolutionary cadres who can not only propagate and organize the masses, but also lead the armed struggle.
Because agricultural activity is a specific practical activity. Therefore, during his time at the Agricultural Lecture Institute, he often took the students to participate in various related social activities, combining the teaching of revolutionary theories with the organization of the students to participate in political struggles, social surveys, and rural investigations.
Soon after the opening of the Sixth Agricultural Lecture Institute, which coincided with the second Guangdong Provincial Peasant Congress, the students were organized to go to the venue to learn from the delegates the experience of the agricultural movement. Subsequently, he led all the students to participate in the anti-imperialist demonstrations to commemorate the first anniversary of the "Shaki**", the rally to commemorate the 107th anniversary of Marx's birth, the first anniversary of the "May Day" movement, and the general strike of the British workers, truly integrating revolutionary theory with practical struggle.
AbsolutelyThe largest field trip for the sixth batch of students was to Peng Pai's hometown of Hailufeng。Because the Dongjiang agricultural campaign led by Peng Pai, the "king of agricultural movement" and centered on Guangdong Haifeng, is the most successful model of agricultural movement in the countryAfter discussing with Peng Pai, he organized the trainees to go to Haifeng County for two weeks for internship before graduation, participated in the local peasant struggle, and went deep into the rural society to carry out extensive revolutionary propaganda. So much so that *** pointed out in his "Hunan Agricultural Action Investigation Report" that "county politics must be clarified by farmers, and Guangdong's Haifeng has already proved it."
Trainee Wang Shoudao later recalled: "The trainees went to the peasant associations and the peasant self-defense army to visit and do propaganda work, investigate and understand the peasants' demands and thoughts, and learn from the experience of the peasant movement. ”
On September 11, 1926, 318 students of the 6th Guangzhou Agricultural Machinery Training Institute officially graduated. Most of them returned to their hometowns and made use of the knowledge they had learned in the peasant lectures to actively organize and lead the peasant movement, effectively cooperating with the progress of the national revolution.
2. Wuhan presided over the period of agricultural work
In October 1926, with the occupation of Wuchang by the Northern Expeditionary Army, the center of gravity of the National Revolution began to shift from the Pearl River Basin to the Yangtze River Basin. In order not to interrupt the power of the party department and the people, the committee members who went to Wuhan were established"Interim Joint Meeting of the Executive Committee of the People's Republic of China and the Provisional Joint Meeting of the National Council", to exercise the highest authority, and then select the Nanyang Building. The establishment of the joint conference marked the relocation of the national capital from Guangzhou to Wuhan.
Since then, Wuhan has become the center of the national revolution, and for the first and only time, it has become the seat of the Communist Party of China. The two leaders of the peasant movement, Peng Pai, also followed this great torrent and opened a new chapter in their revolutionary handshake in Wuhan.
During the Great Revolution, the Committee for the Movement of Peasants was the leading organ of the Communist Party of China engaged in the Peasant Movement. In early November 1926, it was decided to form a total of seven people, including Peng Pai, Ruan Xiaoxian, Yi Lirong, Lu Shen, Xiao Zihuan (Xiao San), and He Chang, to form the **Agriculture** Committee, and ** as the secretary of the **Agriculture** Committee of the Communist Party of China. At this time, with a large number of rural surveys and studies and unique opinions, it has become a new authority on the national agricultural movement.
In March 1927, Peng Pai and Fang Zhimin came to Wuhan and were elected as members of the Executive Committee of the All-China Peasant Association along with 13 others. On March 30, 1927, Peng Pai, Fang Zhimin, and Kuomintang leftist Deng Yanda formed the Provisional Executive Committee of the All-China Peasant Association after the election of the joint meeting of peasant representatives from Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Henan and other provinces. Deng Yanda is also the Minister of PropagandaHe is also the head of the organization department, and Peng Pai is also the secretary general. In April, the Provisional Executive Committee of the All-China Peasant Association was officially inaugurated by electricity. The committee immediately made concrete arrangements for the development of peasant associations in various localities, the expansion of the peasant armed forces, the establishment of revolutionary power in the rural areas, and the settlement of the land question.
It was also in this critical period that due to the vigorous rise of the peasant movement, a large number of revolutionary talents were urgently needed throughout the country, so the Wuchang Peasant Movement Seminar jointly organized by the Kuomintang and the Communist Party came into being, on March 7, 1927Served as the directorOn April 4, the opening ceremony was held, and more than 800 students from all over the country were enrolled. Wuchang Agricultural Lecture Institute, inheriting the teaching policy of Guangzhou Agricultural Lecture Institute, has a total of 28 courses to educate students on the theory and strategy of Chinese agricultural movement. Teaching activities pay equal attention to politics and military affairs, and combine theory and practice, with special emphasis on the training of social investigation ability. The practice of literature and martial arts, the unity of knowledge and action, has cultivated a group of talents with sincerity and determination, and can write and martial arts for the Chinese revolution. And Peng Pai is also the teacher of this year, who lectured on the essence of his agricultural thoughts.
Just as the first class of students was about to graduate, the Agricultural Lecture Institute was preparing to recruit the second batch of students, but due to the complete breakdown of the first Kuomintang-Communist cooperation caused by Wang Jingwei's split from the Communist Party on July 15, 1927, the Wuchang Agricultural Lecture Institute was not as fortunate as the Guangzhou Agricultural Lecture Institute, and this session became the only one.
The revolution has not yet returned, but there is still a lifelong struggle. Due to the betrayal of the Kuomintang Chiang Wang, the Communists had to take up their own ** and defend the revolution.
On August 7, 1927, the Communist Party of China held an emergency meeting in Hankou, Hubei, with Li Weihan, Qu Qiubai, Zhang Tailei, Deng Zhongxia, Ren Bishi, Gu Shunzhang, Cai Hesen,and so on attended this meeting, at which ** put forward the famous thesis that "power comes out of the barrel of a gun". The meeting elected a new provisional ** Politburo: the members of the Politburo are Su Zhaozheng, Xiang Zhongfa, Qu Qiubai, Luo Yinong, Gu Shunzhang, Wang Hebo, Li Weihan,Peng Pai, Ren Bi time;The alternate members are Deng Zhongxia, Peng Gongda, Zhang Tailei, Zhang Guotao, and Li Lisan.
After the meeting, the Provisional ** Politburo elected Qu Qiubai, Li Weihan, and Su Zhaozheng as members of the Politburo Standing Committee. Qu Qiubai presided over the ** work. The new Provisional Political Bureau decided to set up the Northern Bureau, the Southern Bureau and the Yangtze River Bureau of the Communist Party of China, and decided that Wang Hebo would be the secretary of the Northern Bureau and Cai Hesen would be the secretaryZhang Tailei went to the Southern Bureau and served as Secretary of the Guangdong Provincial Party CommitteeLuo Yinong went to work in the Yangtze River Bureau;Go to Hunan to lead the Autumn Harvest Uprising in the Hunan and Jiangxi border areas;Although Peng Pai did not attend the meeting, he was still elected as a member of the Politburo and had already gone to Nanchang to participate in leading the Nanchang uprising.
Since then, the two leaders of the peasant movement, Peng Pai, are no longer just leading the peasant movement, but are forced to form their own armed forces and set up their own revolutionary army. In the end, both of them established their own revolutionary bases, writing a brilliant and dazzling page for the Chinese revolutionary journey.
Unfortunately, due to the betrayal of the traitor, Peng Pai, a generation of peasant movement kings, died tragically under the butcher's knife. The first was quenched and reborn, found a new way from the desperate situation of the revolution, reversed the course of the Chinese revolution, and became the founder of today's new China.
It is to commemorate the 130th anniversary of the birth of *** with this article!Remembering the revolutionary martyr Peng Pai!
References:
1. **Biography;
2. **Chronology;
3. Biography of Peng Pai;
4. Peng Pai historical materials;
5, Ke Chubin. The Establishment of the Agricultural Lecture Institute during the First Kuomintang-Communist Cooperation, Journal of Guangzhou Institute of Socialism, 201803.
6, Wang Shoudao. The Cradle of the Revolution - Memories of the Peasant Movement Seminar Hosted by Chairman *** in Guangzhou, Historical Research, 197708.
7, Shao Yong. Workshop on Movement with Agriculture, Guangdong Social Sciences, 201401.
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[Author].
Gu Xinguang: A native of Yueyang, Hunan, a visiting professor at the China Academy of Management Sciences, and a inheritor of red culture.