This article is from "Nankai Sun Pharmacist", which is used for medical science popularization for reference. What happens if you take amoxicillin for a long time?What are the serious *** toothaches of levofloxacin, what should I do if taking metronidazole is ineffective?
Amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum penicillin, which is mainly combined with penicillin-binding protein (PBPS) on the bacterial cell membrane to acylate transpeptidase, inhibit the synthesis of bacterial septum and cell wall, affect the cross-connection of cell wall mucopeptide components, inhibit cell growth and elongation, and finally lead to lysis and death, and is used for respiratory tract infections such as pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis and urinary tract, biliary tract, ** caused by sensitive bacteria. Infection and sadness, because of the strong antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori, can also be used for ** Helicobacter pylori.
Amoxicillin is broad-spectrum, cheap and easy to obtain, it is a common medicine in the people's homes, many friends have a "dependence" on amoxicillin, sore throat, frequent urination, urgency, diarrhea, abdominal pain to eat a piece of amoxicillin, frankly speaking, the use of anti-infective drugs is extremely unreasonable, such as sore throat may be laryngitis, 70%-80% is a viral infection, not a bacterial infection, frequent urination, urgency may be prostatic hyperplasia, urinary stones, Even for non-infectious diseases such as bladder tumors, most of the acute diarrhea is also a viral infection, so amoxicillin must be used under the guidance of a doctor, and should not be purchased or taken by yourself. In addition, infectious diseases have their own course of treatment, such as the course of treatment for laryngitis is generally 10 days, the course of treatment for community-acquired pneumonia is generally 7-10 days, and the course of treatment for urinary tract infection is generally 3-5 days, and antibiotics do not need to be taken for a long time.
Long-term use of amoxicillin will inevitably encounter adverse reactions. Rash is the most common adverse reaction of amoxicillin, which mostly occurs after 7 days of medication, showing urticaria and maculopapular rash, which is easy to occur in patients with infectious mononucleosis, drug fever, asthma, etc., and erythema multiforme has also been reported. It can also cause gastrointestinal reactions such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. A small number of patients have elevated serum aminotransferases and, occasionally, eosinophilia and leukopenia. Amoxicillin in women with myasthenia gravis can worsen symptoms. Superinfections caused by Candida or drug-resistant bacteria may also be seen. Amoxicillin-induced interstitial nephritis has also been reported.
Long-term use of amoxicillin can also lead to bacterial resistance, the mechanism of bacterial resistance is very complex, such as thickening their cell walls, resisting the invasion of antibiotics, secreting hydrolase enzymes, destroying antibiotics, making them ineffective, drug-resistant bacteria can also carry drug resistance genes, and can pass on the genes to offspring, etc., long-term abuse of amoxicillin will undoubtedly exacerbate bacterial resistance, and eventually lead to human drug availability.
Levofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone synthetic antibacterial drug, its antibacterial mechanism is mainly to inhibit bacterial DNA gyroenzyme and topoisomerase IV, inhibit the synthesis and replication of bacterial DNA to achieve the purpose of sterilization, for respiratory tract infection, intestinal infection, genitourinary tract infection and soft tissue infection caused by sensitive bacteria, and can also be combined with other antibacterial drugs for Helicobacter pylori.
The main causes of levofloxacin are nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, insomnia, dizziness, headache, itching, rash, abnormal liver function, leukopenia, etc., and occasionally blood sugar is reduced, which can produce crystalluria, especially in alkaline urine. Severe *** includes anaphylactic shock, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, aplastic anemia, various types of cytopenia, thrombocytopenic purpura, liver failure, acute renal failure, seizures, hemolytic anemia, tendonitis, tendon rupture, QT interval prolongation, torsade de pointes, cardiac arrest, etc.
Metronidazole is an artificially synthesized nitroimidazole antibacterial drug, mainly by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial genetic material, interfering with the growth and reproduction of bacteria, so as to achieve the purpose of sterilization, and can inhibit the redox reaction of amoebic protozoa, so that the protozoa can change morphology, thereby killing protozoa, and also has a strong killing effect on trichomoniasis, and is used for anaerobic bacterial infection, intestinal or extraintestinal amoeba infection and **trichomoniasis.
The oral cavity is an anaerobic environment, 99% of bacteria are anaerobic bacteria, periodontitis, gingivitis, apical periodontitis, and pericoronitis of wisdom teeth are related to anaerobic bacterial infection, metronidazole can kill anaerobic bacteria, inhibit the release of toxins by anaerobic bacteria, and cause inflammatory reactions, thereby effectively relieving toothache symptoms, but some patients take metronidazole after the toothache is not relieved, this is because in addition to anaerobic bacteria in the mouth, there are a small number of aerobic bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, hemolytic streptococcus, therefore, in the case of aerobic infection, it is also necessary to combine antiaerobic drugs such as cephalexin or amoxicillin**.
Toothache is one of the most common symptoms of oral diseases, there are many causes of toothache, such as tooth decay, pulpitis, periodontitis, apical periodontitis, dental trauma, tooth cracking, dentin hypersensitivity, etc., some toothache is fatal, such as wisdom teeth pericoronitis, that is, swollen and painful gums around the teeth, if not intervened, the infection will spread to the soft tissues around the mouth, resulting in swollen face, swollen eyes, swollen neck, once the throat is swollen, it will lead to poor breathing, and even suffocation and death. In addition, if the toothache is caused by periodontitis, periodontal bacteria may enter the blood circulation throughout the body, and once they stay in the heart, they can cause infective endocarditis, which can also be life-threatening.
Tooth decay is the most common cause of toothache, tooth decay is the tooth surface is infected by bacteria, resulting in chronic, progressive damage to the teeth, the formation of tooth cavities, and then toothache, the fundamental method is to fill teeth, remove caries, repair cavities. If it is not regular**, tooth decay may progress to pulpitis and a root canal** will be required to remove the tooth nerve to eliminate the toothache. After the nerve is removed, the tooth's sensitivity to hot and cold stimuli will also disappear, and if pulpitis is not active**, not only will the toothache worsen, but the infection will also spread to the root of the tooth, resulting in apical periodontitis, and finally the tooth will have to be extracted. Finding the cause of the toothache and treating it according to the disease is the best way to solve the toothache.