Regarding the revitalization of the countryside, solving the problems of agriculture, rural areas and rural areas, and developing the collective economy, this seems to have formed a consensus in the theoretical circles. However, there is a lack of a clear and consistent understanding of what kind of collective economy should be developed. When discussing the development of the collective economy, many people use the term "new economic collective form" to distinguish it from the original collective economy of the people's communes.
To this end, this article will make a statement on the question of what is a collective economy.
One,The ambiguity of the concept of collective economy and its manifestations
I read the article "Li Changping on the Countryside: Justifying and Boldly Opening Up Development Space for the Rural Cooperative Economy and Collective Economy" (Time: 2020-09-05 00:02:18 **Rural Construction Institute Author: Li Changping). The article discusses the key to solving the problems of agriculture, rural areas and rural revitalization, and the key to developing cooperative economy and collective economy.
The article talks about:
At present, all parts of the country are carrying out the reform of the shareholding system of the collective economy, and many localities really do not understand it or make mistakes。Chen Xiwen, former director of the Central Agricultural Affairs Office, is more authoritative than the author, and quotes his original words here: Rural collective economic organizations have two basic characteristics:One is that the assets of the collective are indivisible to the individual;Second, members of collective organizations enjoy equal rights
First of all, rural collective economic organizations are not co-ownership economic organizations. Because the law stipulates that common assets can be divided into people, and the share of assets held by the co-owners can also be transferred, the essence of the co-ownership economy is a private economy. Some comrades said that the reform of the collective property rights system has changed the assets of rural collective economic organizations from 'common ownership' to 'joint ownership according to shares.' This is incorrect, because both 'co-ownership' and 'co-ownership by shares' belong to the co-ownership economy, not the collective economy in China's rural areas.
Second, rural collective economic organizations are not economic organizations of the nature of companies or enterprises. The provisions of the law on the initiation and establishment of companies and enterprises are completely different from those of rural collective economic organizations. In real life, bankruptcy, merger, and reorganization of companies and enterprises are inevitable, but it is obviously impossible for such situations to occur in rural collective economic organizations. Therefore, rural collective economic organizations that have the capacity may set up companies and enterprises in accordance with the law, and engage in business activities and bear market risks in accordance with the law. However, the rural collective economic organizations themselves cannot be restructured into companies and enterprises.
In addition, in the reform of the collective property rights system, the concept of 'shares' is frequently used because of the promotion of the 'joint-stock cooperative system'. However, the party and the state have never talked about the need to restructure rural collective economic organizations into joint-stock economic organizations. Therefore, the concept of 'shares' needs to be discussed clearly. In a general sense, 'shares' represent assets, and holders have the right to dispose of their 'shares' in accordance with the law. However, the so-called 'shares' in the reform of the collective property rights system actually only refer to the specific distribution share of each member in the income of collective assets, because the assets of the collective are indivisible to individuals. As for the 'shares', the rural grassroots are not a big problem as a conventional oral expression. However, when formulating policies and laws, there should be a clear and standardized expression of this, otherwise it is easy to confuse the nature of rural collective economic organizations. ”
Reading this text, we see the ambiguity in the understanding of the collective economy.
First, the theoretical circles are not clear about the difference between public ownership and public ownership. Public ownership is common ownership, and common ownership is shared by shares.
Second, the theoretical circles are unable to make a clear distinction between collective ownership according to capital distribution and collective ownership according to work. In the same "shares", the former reflects the ownership of assets and the latter reflects the ownership of labor, or the former reflects the share of assets, and the latter reflects the share of labor.
The third is to make it clear that there is a clear distinction between the collective economic form, the enterprise form of the asset entity, that is, the company system, and the enterprise form of the labor entity, that is, the labor and social system.
II,To understand the difference in the nature of the collective economy, it is first necessary to clearly define the main interests of the economy or the main producer of enterprises.
Why is there ambiguity about the nature and characteristics of the collective economy?
Because the interests of modern social production are not clear, it is difficult to distinguish the nature of the different collective economies in reality, as if they are a mess and cannot be sorted out.
Because there are two forms of the real collective economy. There is a collective economy that distributes according to capital, and there is also a collective economy that distributes according to work. Since the victory of the October Revolution and the establishment of the socialist state, modern society has produced two different economic forms or modes of production. One is the economic form that embodies the ownership of assets, which we call the property rights economy, and the other is the economic form that embodies the ownership of labor, which we call the labor rights economy.
The same is the property economy, and there is also a distinction between individual economy and collective economy;Similarly, there is a distinction between individual economy and collective economy.
So how should we discern the nature and characteristics of the collective economy in reality?
The key here is, first of all, to clarify the interests of social production or economic activities.
Property economy, as the name suggests, is the owner of assets as the subject of production or interestIn the labor rights economy, the main body of production or interest is the owner of labor.
In reality, the individual economy and the collective economy are always distinguished by the number of production subjects
If an enterprise is a sole proprietorship of the asset owner, then we say that the enterprise is an individual property economyIf an enterprise is a joint venture of multiple asset owners, then the enterprise belongs to the collective property economy.
In the same way, the individual economy or collective economy of the labor rights economy is also determined according to the number of labor owners: if an enterprise is based on the individual operation of labor owners, then we say that the enterprise is an individual labor rights economy;If an enterprise is based on the cooperative labor of multiple workers, then we say that the enterprise is a collective labor economy.
Therefore,With regard to the specific economic forms of reality, we must first find out whether the main body of production is the owner of labor or the owner of assets, which is the key to distinguishing whether this kind of economy is an economy of labor rights or property rightsSecondly, it is necessary to look at the number of labor owners or asset owners involved in the operation of the main body of the enterprise, so as to clarify whether it is an individual economy or a collective economy.
To sum up, the economic forms of reality can be divided into four categories:
1. The economy of property rights in the form of individuals;For example, owner-owned enterprises.
2. The economy of property rights in the form of a collective;For example, joint-stock enterprises.
3. Individual forms of labor rights economy;For example, the current rural lump sum to household production model;
4. Collective form of labor rights economy;For example, the production team model that used to be divided into labor systems was adopted.
There are basically two types of realistic and standardized economic forms: one is the property rights economy based on private ownership, which is the individual economy in which the asset owners are self-employed and the joint venture economy in which the asset owners are in charge. The individual and the collective in the property economy are distinguished by the individuality and cooperation of the owners of the assets;The first is the labor rights economy based on public ownership, which is the self-employed individual economy of the labor owners and the cooperative economy of the labor owners. The distinction between the individual and the collective in the labor economy is based on the individuality and cooperation of labor.
In addition to the above two types of regulated economy, there is also an economic form that combines public ownership with property rights system. This is a transitional form of economy between the property rights economy and the labor rights economy. Originally, this economic form was a transitional economic model in which the economically backward socialist countries rapidly accumulated capital and realized industrialization in order to form the basis of the productive forces for the establishment of the socialist mode of production after the working class took power. It is a non-standard economic model with a temporary nature, which is compatible with the requirements of the transitional development of socialist countries and is controlled by a directive plan. We will not discuss it here.
Three,Joint-stock enterprises are a classic form of collective economy with property rights.
Joint-stock system, as an enterprise system, is an enterprise system with asset owners as the main body and fully embodies asset ownership. After the Second World War, why did the joint-stock system become the dominant economic form in capitalist society?This is because with the improvement of the degree of socialization of production, the original form of owner-owned enterprises can no longer meet the requirements of modern social production for the integrity of the means of production. Therefore, asset owners need to unite and meet the requirements of modern social production for the integrity of the means of production through joint ventures. Therefore, the joint-stock system is the form of realization of capitalist private ownership under the condition of increasing socialization of production.
The joint-stock system is the most classic collective enterprise of asset owners, an enterprise jointly operated by asset owners, and is therefore the most classic form of distribution according to capital. Joint-stock enterprises adopt the form of shares to reflect the difference in the value of assets invested by asset owners, and clarify the differences between asset owners and shareholders in dividend distribution and enterprise management authority according to this difference. Therefore, the joint-stock system is a relatively scientific distribution system according to capital. At the same time, the shareholding system also adopts the general manager responsibility system under the leadership of the general meeting of shareholders and the board of directors to reflect the asset management rights of shareholders.
The joint-stock enterprise system embodies the shareholders' asset management rights in management and the shareholders' asset distribution rights in distribution. Therefore, it objectively forms an enterprise mechanism for distributing according to capital formed by the fluctuation of share income. When the fluctuation of dividends affects shareholders, it will cause shareholders to affirm or deny the corresponding production and operation behaviors of the enterprise, so as to regulate the production and operation activities of the enterprise through the general manager responsibility system under the leadership of the general meeting of shareholders and the board of directors.
In property rights enterprises, wages are the embodiment of the value of labor. Therefore, the property right enterprise should use wages to determine the amount of wage income of workers in advance, so that the production and operation conditions of the enterprise can be expressed as fluctuations in the value of the means of production, so as to reflect the interest requirements of the asset owner for the ownership of the assets. Therefore, for property rights enterprises, the commercialization of labor force is a necessary prerequisite for its existence, when the worker sells his labor force to the employer or enterprise in the market with a suitable **, the use of labor belongs to the right of the employer and the enterprise, so that the enterprise can become the way and process to meet the interests of the asset owner. The role of wages, as the expression of the value or performance of labor power, is to eliminate the status of laborers as the main body of production. Thus, in the property enterprise, wages and profits reflect the interrelationship between labor and capital, and the economic relationship between the pre-fixed value of labor and the acquisition of surplus products by the capitalistsShares, on the other hand, reflect the relationship between asset owners and the distribution of shares and profits among shareholders.
Four,The division of labor system is a typical form of collective economy with labor rights.
So far, the division of labor system is the most typical form of collective economy with labor rights in socialist practice.
The division of work system is an enterprise system with the owner of labor as the main body and fully embodies the ownership of labor. The enterprise system of division of labor is the specific form of socialist public ownership. Socialist public ownership is a public ownership system that realizes distribution according to work, that is, a public ownership model that embodies labor ownership. The mode of production team using the division of work system is the most typical model of public ownership of labor rights.
The division of work system is the most classic enterprise run by workers collectively, and therefore it is also the most typical form of distribution according to work. The production team uses the form of work division to measure the difference in the amount of labor put into the collective production process by the laborers, and determines the difference in the rights of members to participate in the year-end distribution according to this difference. Therefore, the division of work system is a relatively scientific system of distribution according to work. The production team has also established a team leader responsibility system under the leadership of the general meeting and the team committee to regulate the collective production and operation activities.
In labor-rights enterprises, the corresponding wages are public capital. The role of wages in property enterprises is to fix the income of workers in advance, so that the production and operation conditions of the enterprise are manifested in the fluctuations of the income of asset ownersThe role of public capital in labor-owned enterprises is to pre-fix the value of the means of production according to the market level, so that the production and operation activities of the enterprise are manifested as the fluctuations in the income of the labor owners. Here, public capital, as a basic category of socialist collective enterprises, has a function and role similar to wages, which prefix the value of the means of production in public ownership, so that the results of the production and business activities of the enterprise are manifested in the changes in the income of the labor owners, so that the enterprise becomes the way and process of satisfying the interests of the labor owners. The essence of the role of public capital, as a form of pre-fixing the value of the means of production, is to eliminate the dominant position of the owner of the asset. Therefore, in labor-owned enterprises, the division of labor and the surplus of consumption reflect the mutual relationship between workers in accordance with the principle of equal pay for equal work, while public capital reflects the mutual relationship between workers and the publicly-owned means of production.
What is the difference between a division of work system and a joint-stock enterprise?
1. As the main body of production, there is a difference between the owner of labor and the owner of assets, that is, the difference between members and shareholders;
2. As a manifestation of the interest requirement, there is a difference between labor ownership and asset ownership;
3. As an enterprise system, it has the difference between the labor rights system and the property rights system
4. As an economic entity, it has the distinction between a labor entity and an asset entity;
5. As a management system, it has the difference between the labor rights management system of the captain responsibility system under the leadership of the general meeting of members and the team committee and the property rights management system of the general manager responsibility system under the leadership of the general meeting of shareholders and the board of directors
6. As a distribution system, there is a difference between the distribution of consumption surplus according to the amount of work and the distribution of dividends according to the number of shares
7. As a mode of distribution of the results of production of enterprises, it has the difference between the structure of public demand value and individual demand value and the structure of surplus value and necessary labor value
8. As a form of distribution, it has the difference between the labor share system (labor division system) and the asset share system (shareholding system);
9. As a regulatory system, it has the difference between the system management committee and the trade union;
10. As a mode of production, it has the difference between the mode of production of consumption value and the mode of production of surplus value;
11. As ownership: there is a difference between labor ownership and asset ownership.
Five,Another classic collective economy is the Huawei model.
If the production team of the People's Commune is a classic form of collective economy with manual labor as the main body, then the Huawei model is a classic collective economic form based on intellectual labor.
When talking about Huawei's distribution system (lv 2023-09-19 15:05) in the headline, he said, "Huawei's distribution system is essentially to divide the year-end bonus into many parts on schedule." This statement is realistic.
The article said: "Huawei's promising, to a considerable extent, is the victory of Huawei's distribution system. There are three core points: 1. Generally hold virtual shares, which are purchased by employees;2. The main purpose of virtual shares is to distribute dividends, and they do not have other rights and interests, and they are not shareholders in the sense of the Company Law3. Virtual shares cannot be given to others, and they must be repurchased by the company when they leave their jobs. All kinds of shareholding and distribution plans are some kind of modification of the above principles.
To put it bluntly, this system combines the medium and long-term interests of middle and senior employees with the interests of the company. That is, unlike the pure employment system, the labor is calculated on a monthly basis, and the deferred value of the labor effect is not considered at all;It is not like a pure shareholder to become a rentier class, always maintain the right to dividends, always occupy and control the company's assets, and the benefits and risks fully correspond;Once you leave your job, the dividend income has nothing to do with you.
The essence of this model is to extend the time frame of the 'year-end bonus' in the name of 'dividends', and to put this model in another way, that is, the salary of a Huawei employee is composed of: monthly salary, quarterly salary, annual salary, biennial salary, three-year salary, five-year salary, etc., which is straightforward. ”
Here, the author points out the differences and characteristics between Huawei's virtual shareholding system and the general shareholding system.
According to the introduction (Zhao Jianfei, Jiang Guoqiang, Nie Xiaohong, page 220 of "Huawei's Power", published by China Industry and Information Publishing Group Electronic Industry Press in March 2020), the development of Huawei's joint-stock system evolution has gone through four stages: the first stage is the period from 1990 to 1996, the company uses real shares to allow employees to buy in cash, which not only solves the problem of financial difficulties of the enterprise, but also plays a role in retaining talents and retaining the entrepreneurial team. Employees purchased at a price of one dollar per share, and the net assets per share reached 5 in 199383 yuan, 459 yuan, 391 yuan, the employee return is good. In the second stage, from 1997 to 2001, Huawei's employee stock ownership shifted to incentives, and the labor union trusteeship method was adopted to exercise shareholder rights. In the third phase, from 2001 to 2014, Huawei implemented a virtual equity incentive plan. In 2003, Huawei Investment Holdings was established, and Ren Zhengfei held 107% of the shares, and the rest of the company's unions hold the remaining shares. Huawei's existing internal employee stock ownership system and incentive plan have also been transferred to the platform of Huawei Holdings. In terms of the actual operation of Huawei's virtual shares, it is not a general shareholding shareholder, and employees are not real shareholders, and employee shares are more of a way to participate in the distribution of income. In the fourth phase, starting in 2014, Huawei gradually implemented the TUP program to promote the "striver-oriented" corporate culture. TUP (TIMC-Bascd Unil Plan) is a performance-based cash incentive plan, which is a medium and long-term incentive tool, and its benefits are linked to purity. As stated in Huawei's Basic Law, Huawei "uses the form of capital, so that the cumulative contribution of labor, knowledge, and the management and risk of entrepreneurs is compensated, and the equity arrangement is used to form the backbone of the company and maintain effective control over the company, so that the company can continue to grow."
From the perspective of Huawei's employee allotment requirements, it means that employees can only have the opportunity to be allotment if they reach a certain level or have made significant contributions to the production and operation of the enterprise. Therefore,The shares here are, in fact, not a share system of corporate assetsRather, the labor share system of the enterprise is based on the difference in your labor contributionThe income from the allotment is in nature the return and sharing of labor contributions. The name of the shares is originally a form of asset value distributed according to capital, but due to the different entities involved in the distribution here, the nature of the surplus shared (no longer surplus value) is also different, so the content under the share is distributed according to work. As one netizen said: "Huawei's most powerful thing is not its technology, but its 'collective ownership of the means of production', Huawei is a Maoist enterprise, it really practices more work and more rewards, and Huawei's system strives for no one to lie on the hotbed of capital and eat blood interest" (Today's headlines: 2150 2023-08-30 08:18). This netizen's incisive remarks point out the essential characteristics of Huawei's distribution system.
When social production develops to the form of a knowledge-based economy, the labor situation of employees to create value becomes more complicated. In this case, the way compensation is calculated will naturally become more complex. Huawei's salary system is by far the most reflective of work-based distribution requirements among industrial and commercial enterprises. Its series of ideas and practices are worthy of learning and emitting by every enterprise that is interested in distribution according to work.
Compared with the production team model that adopts the division of work system, Huawei has the following innovations in the labor rights system:
1. To meet the requirements of the knowledge-based economy, Huawei has established a comprehensive value creation cognition, value evaluation, and value distribution system, which is composed of various forms and methods such as rank salary, allowance, capital, and dividends, to meet the needs of the development of high-tech enterprises.
2. Huawei has formed an institutional management system that has reached the level of institutional management, so as to ensure that enterprises can continue to adapt to market changes. System management is the basic way of self-management of employees in collective enterprises.
3. Huawei has also established an enterprise education and training system, which is an organizational structure that adapts to the characteristics of the enterprise and meets the needs of employees.
What is a collective economy?
First of all, we must make clear that the collective economy has the difference between the nature of the property rights economy and the labor rights economy, and we must understand the fundamental difference that the main body of the property rights economy is the owner of assets and the main body of the labor rights economy is the labor owner. After clarifying the difference between the nature and subject of the two economies, it is easy for us to know that the collective economy of the property rights economy is an economic form in which multiple asset owners are jointly operated, while the collective economy of the labor rights economy is an economic form in which multiple labor owners work cooperatively. When we discuss the collective economy as a form of public ownership, it is a collective economy that eliminates the personified asset owners and eliminates the differences between people in the ownership of assets, that is, a collective economy with the labor owners as the main body and realizes the distribution according to work. There are two classic forms of this collective economy: the mode of production team using the division of labor system is the form of collective economy dominated by manual labor;Huawei's model is a form of collective economy based on intellectual labor.