In the thirteenth year of Zhengde, the Ming Dynasty explicitly ordered that "raising horses is not a miscellaneous errand, and it is not allowed to be exempted." Medium-sized households are pasted with forage, given by the post, and are not allowed to be raised in rotation". However, for the surviving horse households, although the policy is relaxed, the actual burden is as heavy as a mountain.
The implementation of the policy initially shows preferential treatment, how to afford it after the folding?
Horse service in the Ming Dynasty was theoretically gradually reduced, but in practice it was the opposite. The implementation of the color reduction policy has not completely solved the problem of burden, and a series of problems such as the burden of dispatch, the skyrocketing price of horses, and the cost of retrenchment have made the people miserable.
Horse politics operation in various places: the state and county missions have become a burden to the people.
In addition to the temple, the local prefectures and counties also have a set of letter books for the management of herding and stallions. However, in practice, Ma Hu has become the main bearer of state and county errands, and all kinds of expenses and arbitrary distribution are very annoying.
Records of the Ming Dynasty's Conscription: The Hardship of Ma Zheng and the Hardships of the Peasants.
During the Ming Dynasty, Ma Zheng became a heavy burden on the peasants. Not only do they have to face the costs of dispatching and dismissing people, but they also have to deal with the arbitrary distribution of the first and various envoys of the state and county, and the livelihood of farmers is worried.
The Suffering Behind the Ease of Conscription: The Undercurrent of Ma Zheng in the Ming Dynasty.
The implementation of the color folding policy is theoretically slow. However, in the implementation of the policy, problems such as the dispatch of servants, dismissals, and state and county envoys made the peasants miserable in the undercurrent of Ma Zheng.
The Truth of Conscription: The Suffering of Peasants under Ma Zheng in the Ming Dynasty.
On the surface, the Ming Dynasty's color folding policy reduced the burden on the horse households, but in fact it exacerbated the suffering of the peasants in terms of dispatching labor, dismissing them, and sending envoys. The truth of conscription is the painful sacrifice of the peasants' livelihood.
The issue of horse administration under the conscription system of the Ming Dynasty did present a situation of inconsistency. From a policy perspective, Zhengde's thirteen-year decree clearly stipulates that "horse breeding is not a miscellaneous errand", ostensibly to give preferential treatment to horse breeders and avoid excessive burdens. However, in practice, there are a series of problems that make people think deeply.
First of all, the implementation of the policy has not completely solved the problem of burden, and the existence of expenses such as dispatch and dismissal has left the peasants still under heavy pressure of forced labor. In particular, although the purpose of the dissolution was ostensibly to ease the burden on the people, in practice, the cost of compensation, entrapment, and other expenses still increased the burden on the peasants. This inconsistent implementation of policies has led to the difficulties of farmers in their actual livelihoods.
Second, the state and county play an important role in the operation of the horse government, but the way it is managed is deeply inappropriate. The arbitrary assignment of state and county leaders and the abuse of power by group leaders have made horse households who should have received preferential treatment become victims of policy implementation. The errand service of the prefecture and county became a heavy burden on the people, and this contradiction between the government and the people caused some abnormal phenomena in the society of the Ming Dynasty under the conscription system.
In addition, the policy is only used as a temporary remedy in the face of disasters, but it has not been comprehensively reformed in non-disaster years. This partial rather than comprehensive reform has led to the perpetuation of the problem of forced labor, and the concern for people's livelihood is insufficient. As a result, the peasants are also facing tremendous pressure from forced labor in peacetime and cannot get rid of the shackles of the policy.
In general, the issue of horse administration under the Ming Dynasty conscription system was a complex and profound social problem. The deficiencies in the implementation of the policy, the abuse of errand labor, and the increase in burdens all reflected the shortcomings of the social system at that time. This allows us to delve into history, and at the same time, we should also shed some light on the problems in the current social system, and cause us to think deeply about social equity and policy implementation. The issue of forced labor is not only a problem left over from history, but also a social problem that we need to seriously face and solve.
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