There are two ways to determine the exchange of non-monetary assetsFirst, it is determined that the exchange involving a small amount of monetary assets is the exchange of non-monetary assets;The second is the judgment of commercial substance.
In determining that an exchange involving a small amount of monetary assets is an exchange of non-monetary assets, the premium is usually considered to be less than 25% of the total asset exchange amount. If the premium is <25% of the total asset exchange amount, it is considered a non-monetary asset exchange;If the premium is 25% of the entire asset exchange amount, it is considered a monetary asset exchange.
In terms of judging the substance of business, one of the following conditions needs to be met:1. There is a real trading relationship between the two parties to the exchange, and the subject matter of the exchange is a non-monetary asset;2. Both parties to the exchange have the intention of using the exchange for financial profit, and the subject matter of the exchange is a non-monetary asset. In addition, factors such as whether fair value can be reliably measured need to be considered.
It should be noted that the criteria for judging the exchange of non-monetary assets may be flawed, and in practice, it is necessary to make judgments on a case-by-case basis.
The accounting treatment of the exchange of non-monetary assets is divided into two situations: those involving boot and those involving boot.
1.In the case of boot, the party paying the premium will record the fair value of the asset surrendered plus the boot and the relevant taxes payable as the value of the asset to be exchanged, and the party receiving the boot will record the fair value of the asset surrendered less the boot and the relevant taxes payable as the value of the asset to be exchanged, and the difference will be recognized in profit or loss for the current period. The specific accounting entries are as follows:
Premium Paid by:
Debit: in exchange for an asset account, in credit: in exchange for a liability account;
Recipient of the premium:
Debit: Swap out the asset account, Credit: Swap out the asset account.
2.In the case of no boot involved:The fair value of the surrendered assets plus the relevant taxes payable shall be taken as the recorded value of the swapped assets, and the difference between the fair value of the surrendered assets and their carrying amount shall be included in the profit or loss for the current period. The specific accounting entries are as follows:
Debit: in exchange for an asset account, in credit: in exchange for a liability account;
Debit: Swap into asset accounts, Credit: inventory, fixed assets, intangible assets and other related accounts.
It should be noted that the profit or loss for the current period is included when the assets surrendered are derecognized. If there is conclusive evidence that the fair value of the swapped-in assets is more reliable, the total fair value of the swapped-out assets will be allocated to each surrendered asset according to the relative proportion of the fair value of each surrendered asset, and the difference will be recognized in the current profit or loss when the surrendered assets are derecognized.
The tax impact of the exchange of non-monetary assets is mainly reflected in the accounting treatment and tax adjustment.
1.Accounting Aspects:When the exchange of non-monetary assets has commercial substance and the fair value can be reliably measured, the fair value shall be used for accounting treatment. The difference between fair value and carrying amount is recognized in profit or loss for the current period. If there is a related relationship between the two parties to the exchange, the fair value shall be determined on the basis of ** negotiated by the related parties on the exchange date.
2.Tax adjustment: The tax adjustment for the exchange of non-monetary assets mainly includes value-added tax and income tax.
1) Value-added tax: According to the provisions of the Value-Added Tax Law, if goods, immovable property or intangible assets are exchanged for other goods, immovable property or intangible assets, the fair value of the goods, immovable property or intangible assets exchanged shall be used to calculate the VAT payable and deduct it from the sales amount of the current period. If there is a related relationship between the two parties to the exchange, the fair value shall be determined on the basis of ** negotiated by the related parties on the exchange date.
2) Income tax: The income or loss from the transfer of assets shall be recognized for the exchange of non-monetary assets. The income from the transfer of assets shall be included in the taxable income and shall be subject to income tax in accordance with the provisions of the Enterprise Income Tax Law. At the same time, tax adjustments should also be made to the recorded value of the assets exchanged.
It should be noted that for the tax adjustment of the exchange of non-monetary assets, the tax authorities may have the risk of tax uncertainty, and taxpayers need to make relevant preparations to ensure tax compliance.