External ballisticsIt is a science that studies the movement of the projectile in the air, flight characteristics and related problems, and plays a pivotal role in the design of the projectile system. An important purpose of learning, mastering, and applying external ballistics is to link the best performance with various influencing factors in the study of projectiles and arrows for comprehensive matching, and show it through good ballistics. Therefore, the research and development of external ballistics and the development of projectile technology are closely related and complementary.
The demand and development of projectile and arrow weapon technology continue to promote the in-depth study of external ballistic theory and enrich its own connotation. The classical theory of external ballistics and the modern theory of external ballistics are closely related to different historical stages and the development status (characteristics and requirements) of projectiles and arrows, and have obvious "imprints of the times". From the perspective of the coordinate axis of the history of the development of external ballistics, today's modern external ballistic theory will eventually become the classic external ballistic theory in the future, and with the development of new projectiles and arrows in the future, a new modern external ballistic theory will also be born.
Broadly speaking, the study of mass points and rigid in vitro ballistics forms the so-calledClassical External Ballistic TheoryIt means that under certain motion environmental conditions and assumptions, the understanding of the motion mechanics phenomena and mechanisms of conventional projectiles and arrows is relatively in-depth and sufficient, the establishment of mathematical mechanics models and their solutions tend to be mature, and there are no major obstacles in application.
For some new ballistics problems caused by new projectiles or new motion environmental conditions and assumptions (or new requirements), it is difficult to adapt to and solve these problems by using classical external ballistics theory, and it is necessary to carry out comprehensive and in-depth research on the mechanism, technology and engineering application of these new ballistic problems, so as to form a relatively complete theoretical system, that isModern theory of external ballistics
The main research contents of external ballistics can be roughly divided into:Establishment of equations of motion, theory of motion stability, numerical calculation of flight trajectory, design of external ballistics, theory and technology of flight control of projectiles and arrows, test and simulation of external ballistics, compilation of firing tablesWait.
The establishment of the equations of motion of the projectile is the basis of the study of external ballistics, and the basic starting point and theoretical basis of the research are Newton's second law and the moment of momentum theorem.
The contents of various ground and on-board coordinate systems (decomposed projections of simple vector equations), all forces and moments acting on the projectile, flight environmental conditions (such as meteorological conditions) and assumptions (such as the axisymmetric rigid body of the projectile) are all carried out around this aspect, with the focus on establishing a reasonable, moderately simplified, practical and engineering application system of equations of motion.
In the theory of projectile motion stability, the flight stability characteristics, main influencing factors and laws of different projectiles and arrows in different flight environments are mainly studied.
The main way of research is to simplify the system of motion equations as necessary, in order to obtain the approximate analytical solution of the equation (or the analysis of the characteristics of the equation), so as to study the influence law of various factors of the flight motion of the projectile and arrow, the flight stability conditions, and establish some flight criteria. Among them, it is important and difficult to simplify the system of motion equations reasonably, and to study the corresponding analytical solution solution (or system of equation characteristic analysis) methods, and to establish the flight stability criterion.
Numerical calculation of flight trajectory refers to obtaining ballistic parameters and performance conditions under various flight environmental conditions, which is the most extensive and diverse content in the study and application of ballistics outside the projectile.
In the numerical calculation of ballistics, all the parameters involved in the equation system (such as initial conditions, aerodynamic parameters, meteorological parameters) and the simplification of the equation system have a direct impact on the calculation results. Ballistic numerical calculation often encounters many requirements in practical applications, if it is necessary to calculate quickly or for some special environmental conditions or special projectiles, so some special simplifications will be made to the equations or algorithms as needed. For the numerical calculation of ballistics, it is important to select a suitable system of equations of motion and determine a complete set of parameters required for calculating the system of equations, but it is difficult to accurately obtain these parameters (such as the force and moment acting on the projectile, the initial conditions, etc.). In addition, it is also important to accumulate practical application experience in numerical calculation of external ballistics.
The ballistic calculation is carried out according to the selected system of equations of motion and a predetermined set of required parameters, and the resulting flight trajectory is called the theoretically calculated trajectory. However, due to the influence of various random errors in the actual launch and flight process, the actual flight trajectory of the projectile is different from that calculated by the theory, but there are usually certain differences around the trajectory distribution calculated by the theory. With the emergence of some new types of projectiles (such as ballistic correction missiles), in the numerical calculation of modern flight trajectory, explore the impact of some random errors on flight trajectory to identify, and use some main ballistic characteristic parameter equivalents to characterize, according to which real-time prediction of subsequent flight trajectory, so that it is extremely close to the actual trajectory, resulting in ballistic prediction theory and technology, it is believed that with the development of new types of projectiles in the future, the technology will be more in-depth research and improvement, and has good application prospects.
External ballistic design refers to the design of the structure and shape scheme of a specific projectile according to the relevant performance requirements, environment and use conditions, etc., according to the characteristics of the projectile, so that its flight ballistic performance meets the relevant performance requirements.
In this process, the core is to coordinate the matching relationship between the shape parameters of the projectile structure and the performance and influencing factors under certain requirements and conditions, and the focus is to grasp and deal with the relationship between the projectile and the trajectory. In the past, the focus of the classic external ballistic design process was to design the structure and shape of the "bomb" according to a certain requirement, and the "road" was naturally determined, that is, to design the structure scheme of the missile according to the requirements of a major performance (such as flight resistance or terminal damage, etc.), to test the other performance conditions of the external trajectory (such as flight stability, etc.), and then to make some appropriate adjustments to the structure parameters of the missile, which was a commonly used external ballistic design method in the past. And the trajectory designed in this way is not necessarily a trajectory with "good" performance. The performance of the external trajectory should be the embodiment of the comprehensive matching effect of the projectile performance, first of all, according to the performance requirements of the projectile, the relationship between different performance and the structure of the projectile, the shape design parameters and some requirements, and plan a good flight trajectory (even the overall performance is better than the required performance), according to the guidance, design can be according to the "road" flight of the projectile structure, that is, the first match to design the "road" with excellent performance, and then to design the "projectile" that can fly according to the "road", is to learn, Mastering modern external ballistic design and the methods that should be adopted in its application is also the focus of external ballistic design.
With the advent of guided missiles and arrows, the flight control theory and technology of missiles and arrows have become one of the new development directions of external ballistics research in recent years.
Compared with conventional missiles in the past, the dynamic environment of the controllable projectile (especially the artillery shell) during launch and flight (high impact overload during launch, rapid changes in ballistic parameters such as swing and roll of the projectile body in flight control, and the inability of the navigation device to align and set the initial value before launch, etc.), the limitation of the structure layout of the projectile, the range margin and flight control ability of the projectile (the projectile has no endurance power during the flight control process, and the flight trajectory adjustment ability is weak) There are great differences in other aspects, resulting in the limitation of navigation and control components that can be used on the bomb, which has a great impact on the selection of guidance and control system, flight control trajectory design, control scheme and control strategy determination, etc., and makes the flight control of projectiles and arrows face many new problems and difficulties. In view of the requirements of the body-tube launch and flight environment conditions and related performance, the flight control theory and technology of projectile and arrow mainly study the different guidance and control systems that can be used and their characteristics, the flight control motion equation, ballistic characteristics and laws, different flight control ballistic schemes and control strategy methods, control system and controller design, projectile flight control simulation and related problems in engineering applications. According to the relevant requirements and environmental conditions, the design of flight control ballistics scheme and control strategy method suitable for artillery shells is the focus of research. The research on the theory and technology of projectile flight control has greatly enriched the connotation of modern external ballistics, and more in-depth and comprehensive research will be carried out in this direction in the future.
External ballistics testing and simulation is a traditional part of external ballistics.
In recent years, with the continuous emergence of information-based projectiles, ultra-long-range and ultra-high-speed flying projectiles and some new types of projectiles, many new needs, new problems and new technologies have emerged in external ballistic testing and simulation, which are developing in the direction of more accurate and more precise testing, better real-time processing performance, and more comprehensive and diverse testable parameters, and have been applied in many information-based projectiles. The external ballistic simulation technology is mainly committed to making the process and characteristics of the projectile launch, flight movement and as close as possible to the actual situation, and to reproduce it through ground equipment or equipment simulation. How to simulate, detect and debug the whole process of the actual movement of the projectile as close as possible to the ground is the difficulty of external ballistic simulation.
The compilation of the firing table is also a classic content in the practical application of external ballistics.
For a certain projectile, the firing table is a document used to determine the shooting elements and related characteristic ballistic parameters according to the mission requirements and conditions, and its function is to indicate the main flight ballistic parameters, and can quickly and accurately help determine the shooting elements during combat. Among them, how to obtain a more accurate and complete set of ballistic parameters (such as aerodynamic parameters) required for tabulation is the difficulty of compiling the firing table. In recent years, there have been some new types of projectiles that can be controlled in flight, and correspondingly, their shooting tables have also been given new forms and connotations, although the main role remains unchanged, but the functions and connotations have been expanded (it also needs to contain the main characteristic parameters of ballistic planning determined according to the combat mission and conditions before firing, etc.), which can quickly help determine the shooting elements and some main flight control characteristic parameters during combat. What's new in these areas is covered in this book.
The author's research team has been engaged in the research of external ballistics theory and the development of projectile and arrow equipment for nearly 40 yearsModern External Ballistics
The rapid development of projectile technology has put forward many new problems and new needs for the study of external ballistics, and has also enriched the research content of external ballistics. Over the years, the author has focused on the research of external ballistic theories and technologies, such as the system of motion equations and numerical simulation** (including ballistic prediction and ballistic characteristic parameter identification), external ballistic design, external ballistic similarity, ballistic correction, and artillery projectile flight guidance control. In order to continuously enrich the connotation of external ballistics and better apply it to the science and technology of projectiles, arrows and weapons, the author wrote Modern External Ballistics (Wang Zhongyuan et al.) based on the research results in the theory and technology of external ballistics in recent years. Beijing: Science Press, 20241)。
This book mainly focuses on the theoretical issues of external ballistic design, ballistic correction and ballistic control, gliding range extension technology and other theoretical issues of projectiles, focusing on modern external ballistic design methods, external ballistic similarity theory, main range extension technology of projectiles, ballistic parameter identification and ballistic prediction methods, artillery ballistic trajectory correction theory and technology, guided projectile gliding trajectory planning and combined guidance methods, etc., which reflect some of the latest research results of modern external ballistics. The content of this book highlights the engineering application of basic theories, in order to provide some guidance and reference for the research of projectile and arrow technology in China.
Considering the inheritance and relevance of these new contents in the system with many existing research contents in external ballistics (such as the commonly used coordinate system in external ballistics, the establishment of the equation of motion of the external ballistics of general projectiles, the theory of flight stability, etc.), and at the same time, in order to make the content of the book clearer in terms of level and context, and more complete in the system, The author also integrates some basic theories and problems in external ballistics into this book, and expands research or applied analysis and explanation of some parts of these contents.
The purpose of studying external ballistics and studying the laws and characteristics of the flight ballistic motion of projectiles and arrows is to apply these theories and laws well in the study of various types of projectiles and arrows in engineering development. Among them, according to the ideas and elements of the research process of each part of the external ballistics, combined with the specific requirements, characteristics and conditions of the problems encountered, the external ballistics problems are appropriately hypothesized and simplified (in other words, familiar with and applied the ideas and essentials, treatment methods and strategies of various aspects of the study of external ballistics), which researchers often face and need to master in learning and applying external ballistics in practice. In addition, in addition to being closely related to basic theoretical disciplines such as mathematics and physics, external ballistics is also closely related to many related disciplines such as aerodynamics, advanced dynamics, flight mechanics, numerical computing technology, guidance and control theory, and meteorology. In order for researchers to learn, master and apply ballistic theories and techniques in practice, it is necessary to be familiar with these related disciplines.
This article is excerpted from Modern External Ballistics (Wang Zhongyuan et al. Beijing: Science Press, 20241) The "Introduction" and "Preface" of the book have been deleted and modified, and the title is added by the editor.
isbn 978 7 03 076298 6
Editor in charge: Xu Jian.
This book focuses on the theory and methods of external ballistics required for the design and flight of projectiles and arrows, and on the basis of systematically expounding the basic knowledge of external ballistics and the theory of flight stability of projectiles and arrows, it focuses on the introduction of modern external ballistic design methods, external ballistic similarity theory, external ballistic drag reduction and range extension technology, ballistic parameter identification methods and ballistic prediction technology, artillery ballistic trajectory correction theory and technology, guided projectile gliding trajectory planning and combined guidance control methods, etc. This book summarizes and condenses the scientific research achievements of the author's research team in the past 40 years engaged in the theoretical research of external ballistics and the development of projectile equipment, and highlights the engineering application on the basis of elaborating the theory and method, so as to meet the needs of modern projectile and arrow external ballistic design and development.
This book covers the latest research results in the direction of extra-ballistics theory and technology, which can be used as a reference for graduate students and senior undergraduates majoring in weapons science and technology in colleges and universities, and can also be used as a reference book for professional scientific and technological personnel engaged in extra-ballistics, flight mechanics, artillery, ammunition, fire control, fuze, guidance and other professional scientific and technological personnel.
[Modern Artillery Technology Series.]
Editor of this article: Liu Sidan).
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