The history of the bureaucratic politics in ancient China is also a history of the party. After the Han and Tang dynasties, the Ming and Qing dynasties, they have always been prosperous and intensified, leaving a deep imprint on the body of the feudal dynasty.
As far as the overall and macro vision is concerned, the punk party is the product of the power struggle within the feudal ruling class, and there is no difference between the punk party and the familiar political groups, sects, gangs, mountains, gangs, and circles in the strict sense, most of the party strifes are the struggle for power, interests, and will, and the party struggles caused by the reform of the law in Chinese history, such as Wu Qi, Shang Ying's reform, Wang Anshi's reform, and the Wuxu reform led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao in the late Qing Dynasty is a struggle between reformers and conservatives, which has a certain progressive significance. It is very different from party struggle in the general sense, and it should be distinguished. There is no fixed front and moral principles to speak of, as Wang Fuzhi said: "The party is prosperous, and the people's hearts and the country are like chaos and unreasonable, who will be right?" Evil and righteousness are uncertain, clutch has no permanent potential, want to stretch its yes, clumsy and wrong, draw one is the trend of the righteous person, wisdom can know, courage can be broken. "Many people of insight in history believe that one of the sources of chaos in Chinese history is the party.
However, in a specific historical period, there is also a distinction between right and wrong in party struggle, with some Qingliushi doctors fighting against the ** forces in order to save the world, opposing the dictatorship of eunuchs, hoping to clarify the rule of officials, reform the old and make the new, and change the law to become stronger. For example, the disaster of the party in the Eastern Han Dynasty; the old and new party struggles in the Northern Song Dynasty; In the late Ming Dynasty, the Donglin Party and the Fushe opposed the nature and historical role of the eunuch party should not be criticized in general, and should be given an appropriate and correct evaluation.
The Chinese Friends Party lasted for a long time, and the span of time and space was so long that it almost ended with the entire ancient society. Friends and party strife are a major issue in ancient Chinese history.
The word "party" has long been synonymous with "political party" in our discourse system; However, in China's political tradition, there are "friends" but no political parties.
Even since then, political parties have become the protagonists of the political stage; However, behind the power struggle, it is often in essence a dispute between "friends" - although both are aimed at power distribution, the operation of "political parties" is based on the compromise wisdom of the logic of modern political civilization, while friends are based on factions, relationships, interests, and small circles of power under the ** system.
In the 2,000-year history of China, the rise and fall of chaos and the struggle between friends and parties are pervasive
· China's top geniuses will almost always be dragged into the whirlpool of friends. In the late Northern Song Dynasty alone, there were countless geniuses whose fates rose and fell with the party struggle, in addition to Wang Anshi, Sima Qian and other party strugglers, there were countless people like Su Shi who were deeply burdened by the party struggle all their lives...In addition to their talents and opportunities, they are also swallowed up by the political ideals they try to change society.
· The abolition of important systems in China is often set up to prevent friends. In the eyes of the rulers, everyone should be single-minded around themselves, and there should be no own hills and circles. Therefore, "forming a party" has always been a taboo. Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the prime minister, the avoidance system in the Qing Dynasty officialdom, and the eunuchs were not allowed to interfere in politics, all in order to ban friends. However, the party struggle in the Ming and Qing dynasties not only never stopped, but also became more and more intense, and the Donglin party struggle ran through the entire late Ming Dynasty until the death of the country.
Why can't rulers, no matter how they adjust their changes and how they crack down, avoid "friends"? Is it the "bane" of China's deep historical cycle and its inability to get rid of the cycle of chaos? Has the Friends Party become a thing of the past for us?
, the struggle of interests, the struggle of willThere are no fixed fronts, no moral principles. It is meaningless to use morality to judge the right and wrong of party disputes -- because no matter how beautiful the political ideal is, no matter how high the moral position, it will uncontrollably become a victim of political overthrow.
"Friends" is a natural choice of human nature under centralized power. As long as the operation of power is opaque, everyone will inevitably follow the path of partisanship: when the imperial power is strong, the courtiers have to form a party to protect themselves and protect their interests; When the imperial power is weakened, the emperor himself has to form a party, which is for the imperial party. Other post-parties, ** kings' parties, eunuch parties...Nothing less.