There is a saying that Cao Cao has always been a white-faced traitor, and it was not until modern times that the case was overturned, which is a big misunderstanding, in fact, Cao Cao's evaluation for a long time is not low, and even once he was synonymous with the Ming monarch, and there is no such thing as a negative image.
Modern people on the representative of the ancient Chinese Ming monarch, often think of "Qin Emperor Han Wu, Tang Dynasty Song Zu", this is largely influenced by the "Qinyuan Spring Snow", in fact, before the five dynasties, Liu Bang and Cao Cao were called "Han Gao Wei Wu", the two of them are almost regarded as synonymous with the Ming monarch, but where the praise of the master, must use the word "Han Gao Wei Wu", and there are often people who compare themselves with "Han Gao Wei Wu", and there are few people who mention Qin Huang Han Wu.
During the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, Liu Xuan of the Huns advised Liu Yuan to restore the ancestral business of the Huhan Evil, and Liu Yuan said"The eldest husband should be Henkel and Wei Wu, how effective is it to call Han evil! Liu Yuan's adopted son Liu Yao often compared himself to Guan Zhong, Xiao He, and Cao Shen, but people at the time did not agree with this statement, only Liu Cong valued Liu Yao, thinking that he was "the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Wei and others." ”
Liu Yao often compares himself to Guan Zhong and Xiao and Cao, and the people of the time Mo Zhi Xu also, but Liu Conghou Yongming, said: Han Shizu, Emperor Wu of Wei and others, how many dukes are enough. ”Xu Guang praised Zhao Taizu Shile: "Your Majesty's Shenwu strategy is too Henkel, and his male talent is better than Wei Wu." Of course, Shi Le only admired Liu Bang, but he looked down on Cao Cao.
Le Yin feasted on Goguryeo and Yuwenwu's lonely envoys, drank alcohol, and said Xu Guang said: "What kind of master is the foundation of our party since ancient times? He said: "Your Majesty's martial arts strategy is higher than that of Emperor Gao, and his majestic art is superior to Wei Zu, which is incomparable since the Three Kings, and its Xuanyuan is Yahu!" ”When Yu Yi, a famous general of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was in Jingzhou, he had the heart of a king, and once said to his staff, "I want to be Henkel and Wei Wu." ”
Xiao Yu was in Jingzhou, the Gong Dynasty Conference, and asked the bureaucrats: "I want to be Henkel and Wei Wu, what is it?" ”During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, the Later Qin general Wang Maide defected to Helian Bobo, and had a rainbow fart to the new master, indicating that Helian Bobo's Shenwu Shengluo slightly surpassed Liu Bang and Cao Cao.
Yao Xingzhen joined the army in the north, and Wang Maide came to run. Bo Bo said to buy virtue: "After I Dayu, the world lives in secluded and Shuo." The ancestor Chonghui was often an enemy country with the Han and Wei. The Middle Ages do not compete, and are controlled by others. If you are not arrested, you can't build it first, the country will be ruined, and you will be exiled. Now it will come into being, and the cause of Dayu will be restored, why should you be like? Mai De said: "Since the emperor and Jin lost the unification, the artifact moved south, the heroes and the mountains, the people won the crown, and His Majesty Yiye Zaide, Chongguang Shuoye, Shenwu surpassed the Han Emperor, and the saint was slightly more than Wei Zu, and not in the opportunity of the apocalypse to build a great cause!" Although the Qin government is declining, the town is still solid, and I am deeply willing to accumulate strength and wait for the time, and then move in detail. ”When Emperor Wen of Sui Emperor Yang Jian was posthumously crowned Su Sui, a famous minister of the Western Wei Dynasty, he once compared himself with Liu Bang posthumously conferencing Wei Wuji and Cao Cao posthumously conferencing Lu Zhi. ”
Tang Dynasty historian Yao Cha praised Emperor Chen Wu and Chen Baxian: "Gaozu is slightly generous, and there is no way to adapt, Gai Han Gao, Wei Wuzhi Ya." ”
When Liu Wenjing first met the young Li Shimin, he praised him: "Open-minded like Henkel, like Wei Wu." ”
In the early days of the Anshi Rebellion, An Lushan was once blocked in Tongguan, and regretted raising troops to scold his subordinates, and Tian Qianzhen was defeated by Liu Bang in Xingyang; Cao Cao's overthrow of Chibi is an example to show the difficulty of the emperor's entrepreneurship.
And Tian Qianzhen from Guan Zhi, calmly for Shang to say in Lushan: "The lord of chaos, business and entrepreneurship, when you are ignorant, is it difficult?" Han Zu was embarrassed in Xingyang; Cao Gong overturned in Chibi and did not become a big thing in one fell swoop. Although there are many soldiers and horses on all sides, they are all recruiting new troops and rabble, and they have not marched into fortresses, and they are not strong pawns, so they are not enough to be our enemy. Even if the big thing fails, it can still follow Yuan Benchu's tens of thousands of people to guard the land of Hebei, and it is enough to be ten years old and five years old. Zhuang and Shang are all the fathers of the Zuo Dynasty, why did they reject it, so that the generals heard it and their hearts were not shaken? ”Li Deyu once commented that Tang Wuzong had "the grand strategy of Henkel, the heroic decision of Guangwu, and the opportunity power of Wei Zu".
The reason for this phenomenon is that only the Qin, Han and Jin dynasties unified before the Sui and Tang dynasties, and Qin II died; Han is the unification of Liu Bang, and Liu Xiu is prosperous; The foundation for the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty was laid by Cao Cao. Qin Shi Huang fought for six generations, and Sima Yan is also the cumulative result of several generations. Then only Liu Bang, Liu Xiu and Cao Cao were killed from the bottom, Guangwu was named Zhongxing, so of course, the founders of the country praised Han Gao and Wei Wu, both of whom were when the world fell apart, from scratch, from weak to strong, cutting off the heroes and rebuilding order, and saving the people in troubled times.
In addition, Cao Cao was one of the first people to enter the imperial temple of all dynasties. In the first year of the Shenlong of Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty (705), the Tang court established the temple of the emperors of the past dynasties, and in addition to the three emperors and five emperors, 12 people were also sacrificed:
Xia Yu, Shang Tang, Zhou Wen Wang Ji Chang, Zhou Wu Wang Ji Fa, Qin Shi Huang Yingzheng, Han Gaozu Liu Bang, Han Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu, Wei Wu Emperor Cao Cao, Jin Wu Emperor Sima Yan, Northern Wei Wu Emperor Tuoba Ji, Northern Zhou Wen Emperor Yu Wentai, Sui Wen Emperor Yang Jian.Cao Cao was selected and accompanied by Zhong Xuan and Xun Yu. In the seventh year of Tang Xuanzong Tianbao (748), Tang Xuanzong issued an edict to establish a temple to worship and enjoy the emperor's temple in the place where the emperors of these temples were selected.
The ancient king, the number of the clans, although the deed was written in advance, and the emperor of the Tao, remembered the merits, and would rather forget the salty rank. The three emperors have been the former emperors, and it is appropriate to place a temple in the capital, which is still close to the temple of the three emperors and five emperors, so as to pay tribute in time.
Emperor Wu of Wei Du Ye (Shi Zhong Xun Yu, Tai Wei Zhong Xiang matching).
Cao Cao's monarchs. In the Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin, Taizu of the Song Dynasty, sacrificed to the emperors of the past dynasties, and Cao Cao ranked second class, namelyEach has three households, and one year enjoys the ether prison
The emperors of the past dynasties, the state has always enjoyed it, and it is written in the first order, which can be exemplified. Since the five generations have been chaotic, hundreds of divisions have been abandoned, and there is a lack of worship, and there is a lot of shame. According to the "Ancestral Order", the emperor of the previous generation enjoyed it every three years, and in the month of mid-spring, the animal was used too fast, and the official was the governor of the state, and if there was a reason, he acted on the top. The official made sacrificial vessels and sent them to the Zhuling Temple. Another edict: "The emperors of the previous generations are still in the ceremony, or the temple is still there, and the animal prison has been abandoned for a long time, or the mausoleum is still there, and it can't help but be picked." Its Taihao, Emperor Yan, Yellow Emperor, Gao Xin, Tang Yao, Yu Shun, Xia Yu, Cheng Tang, King Wu of Zhou Wen, Emperor Guangwu of Han Gao, and Taizong of Tang Gaozu, each placed five households guarding the mausoleum, and the Spring and Autumn Temple was imprisoned; Shang Zhongzong Taiwu Gaozong Wuding, Zhou Cheng Wang Kang Wang, Han Wen Emperor Xuan Di, [Wei Taizu], Jin Wu Emperor, Later Zhou Taizu, Sui Gaozu, each placed three households, one year to enjoy the ether prison; Qin Shi Huangdi, Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Ming Emperor, Emperor Zhang of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Wen of Wei, Emperor Xiaowen of the Later Wei Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizu of the Later Tang Dynasty, Emperor Mingzong, and Emperor Gaozu of the Jin Dynasty, each placed two households in the mausoleum, and sacrificed to the ether prison every three years; King Huan of Zhou, King Jing, King Weilie, Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Cheng, Emperor Ai, Emperor Ping, Emperor Yin, Emperor Andi, Emperor Shun, Emperor Chong, Emperor Xian, Emperor Ming of Wei, Emperor Gaoguixiang, King Chen Liu, Emperor Hui of Jin, Emperor Huai, Emperor Wen of Western Wei, Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei, Emperor Gaozong of Tang, Emperor Ruizong, Emperor Dezong, Emperor Shunzong, Emperor Muzong, Daizong, Jingzong, Wenzong, Wuzong, Yizong, Emperor Zhaozong, Emperor Liang Shao, Emperor Zhu of the Later Tang Dynasty, often forbidden Qiao mining. "Find and prohibit the people of Henan Province to cultivate the Jin and Han temples. Where the tombs have been developed, there is a division to make a crown dress, a regular dress, a coffin to bury, cover the day, where the chief official to sacrifice.It is worth mentioning that none of the two lords of Shu Han and the four monarchs of Eastern Wu were selected.
Song Taizu. But Cao Cao did not call the emperor after all, and after his death, he was also buried according to the regulations of the Han Dynasty, so later the Ming Dynasty rebuilt the imperial temple, and Cao Cao was withdrawn from the imperial temple, it is worth mentioning that the Ming Dynasty only sacrificed 16 emperors, and the forced style was very high, and the monarchs who failed to dominate the world (Tuoba Jue, Yuwen Yong) and the emperors with a bad reputation (Qin Shi Huang) could not enter.
Set up the main without statue, the three emperors in the shrine, Fuxi, Shennong, the Yellow Emperor gods, the left niche five emperors, Shaohao, Zhuan, Emperor Yu, Yao, Shun gods, the right niche three kings, Xia Yu Wang, Shang Tang Wang, Zhou Wu Wang gods, the left two niches Han Gaozu, Han Guangwu Emperor gods, the right two niches Tang Taizong, Song Taizu, Yuan Shizu gods.In the Qing Dynasty, Kangxi expanded the Imperial Temple, and due to the great prosperity of science at this time, Cao Cao had been characterized as a chaotic minister and thief, so the five emperors of Cao Wei were kicked out of the Imperial Temple, but Liu Bei, who had been turned away, was selected at this time.
The Sui and Tang dynasties were a prosperous era when literature and poetry reached their peak, and there were countless poems of Cao Cao described. Zhang Ding's "Yecheng Introduction" wrote: "You don't see the three spiritual changes of the Han Dynasty, and the Wei and Wu battles for the six dragons. Swinging the sea and swallowing the river to control China, returning to the sky and fighting to the south. Zhang Shuo's "Ye Du Yin" began with the words: "You don't see Wei Wucao, fight for Tianlu, and the heroes are chasing each other." During the day, he brought a strong man to break the strong formation, and at night he received the lyricist Fuhuawu. It describes the difficulties of Cao Cao's exploits. Tortoise Meng's poem "Ye Xia Cao father and son, hunting the virtuous and even the bear." "It shows that Cao Cao attaches great importance to talents. Du Fu wrote poems praising Cao Cao's descendant, Cao Ba, "the son of the general Wei Wu, who is now a concubine and a Qing family." Although the heroes are gone, the literary style still exists."
In the Song and Yuan dynasties, there are still poems praising Cao Cao, such as Wang Anshi's poem "Jiangci Xiangzhou" "The green mountains are like waves entering Zhangzhou, and the west of Tongque Tai is ** hill." The ants are still empty ridges, and the horses are buried for a few springs and autumns. The fame of the world knows who it is, and the strength of the sky is here. Why bother with the remnants of the old things, the sons of Wei Gong are clothed. affirmed Cao Cao's fame, and lamented that his tomb is now difficult to find and difficult to hang.
Aluwei's "Toad Palace Song: Ask Who is the Hero in the World" in the Yuan Dynasty is even more blunt in praising Cao Cao as a hero in the world - "Ask who is the hero in the world?" There is alcohol in the river, and Cao Gong is crossed. ”
Of course, in the poems of the Song and Yuan dynasties, Cao Cao was called more of an old thief, Cao Pu, etc., and Cheng Ju's "Beigu Huaigu" wrote that "A Pu Chang drove Wu Lei"; Wang Shipeng once wrote in "Lou Sang's Ancestral Temple" that "A concealment is unparalleled in the world"; The Yuan Dynasty poet Song Wuji has a poem entitled "Cao Concealment", which begins with "The traitorous male spleen and the Ding eventually move".
One more thing, since the Song and Yuan dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties, the highest evaluation of Cao Cao in the poems is in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms in Jiajing, when Cao Cao died, the author wrote poems to summarize his life:Majestic Wei Taizu, the world sweeps away wolf smoke. Movement and stillness are wise, and high and low are good at using the virtuous. drove millions of people and paid attention to the "Thirteen Articles". Haojie starts at the same time, who dares to give a whip?
Unfortunately, this poem was later deleted by Mao Zonggang and his son.
Cao Cao had a series of temples and ancestral halls in Bozhou, Qiaozhou, Hanshan, Fangshan and other places, Mu Xiu of the Northern Song Dynasty had recorded that Cao Cao's temple in Bozhou was loved by the locals, and the Yuan Dynasty also had a record of the prosperity of the Wei Wu Temple. Like the imperial temples of previous dynasties, after the great revival of science, Cao Cao's temples and ancestral halls were gradually abandoned, and even renamed. Of course, since 1949, Cao Cao has been officially overturned, and Cao Cao's temple has been rebuilt.
Emperor Wudi Temple enjoys this soil for a long time, shelters the people of Er, floods and droughts and disasters please the people, diseases and epidemics pray for the people. The blessings of the emperor are not too much? Now its temple and statue, then the edict repairs. The curtain of the corridor in the hall of Gu Wei made the Egyptian seat extend from the crown to the very much. I will go out of my own private affairs, all for the three palaces of Emperor Wu's civilization, and I am honest and difficult, such as the blame of Emperor Zhangermin. With my coming to this state, I can't guide the people to know what I am serving, and I am also wrong, so I sued Yuer. When the people heard the public news, they were ashamed and happy: The people are secretly despicable, contemptuous of knowledge, and Emperor Meng's recklessness is a great crime. Now I have a word, I have already knew, so that I can get the spirit of the emperor, and the grace of my father, it is a gift or a dependent, and I dare not listen to my fate. Everyone asked: Fortunately, the public has made a wish for the private sector, and it is not annoying to the public. Gong said: I will have my own rate, since I think of the same people, so I can't exhaust my desires, I should work with the people, that is, to work with the people. Before the age of three, the account was placed in its temple. There is an account number, and the non-silk is made, and the wooden figure is long.
Sanyi Temple, outside the Great East Gate, on the side of the river, this Cao Cao Temple also. Later generations should not have an ancestral hall, so the Sanyi Temple has been changed for a long time.
In general, the evaluation of Cao Cao is not only because of personal subjectivity, but also because of objective factors such as the background of the times, and Cao Cao himself is a contradictory and multifaceted character. Whether it is praise for Cao Cao or abuse, it has been there since ancient times, and it is not a reversal of the case and being unconventional.