India's disastrous defeat in the 1962 counterattack war has become an unforgettable pain in its heart and has attracted international attention.
In 1912, Xuantong, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, issued an edict of abdication, which wrote: "I am the Qing Empire, the republic of the five ethnic groups, the land is complete, and I hope that the people will live and work in peace and contentment, and the country will be peaceful and stable."
This is not only an expression of respect for all ethnic groups, but also a legal proof of the legitimate inheritance of the territory of the Qing Empire. ** and New China both legitimately inherited the territory of the Chinese Empire, but the great powers have always coveted Chinese land.
Japan aimed at Manchuria, Taiwan;**Tried many times to make the outside *** and eyeing Xinjiang;Even Britain and India have encroached on Yunnan and ** on the southwestern border of our country.
Most of these invaders of China's borders are imperialist countries, but India is an exception, a colonial country that just became independent in the 20th century, and even forcibly occupied southern Tibet.
Eventually, China launched a war of self-defense in 1962.
After the war India became independent, the leader of the Congress party, Jawaharlal Nehru, had a strong interest in the ** issue, and he tried to seize ** from China to achieve the goal of "expanding the territory".
Serious tensions erupted between the two sides in 1962. In this war, China won an overwhelming victory in a decisive battle against India's main force with a "partial division", and the first war shattered India's national self-confidence since independence.
The 1962 "Self-Defense and Counterattack War against India" was another confrontation between China and a foreign country after the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, demonstrating the strength and prestige of the PLA. According to ***, this battle will stabilize the border for at least 20 years.
However, both India and China were poor buddies in the third world at the time, why was India so aggressive on the ** issue?How did the battle go?
China's easy victory over India, what do the countries of the world say about this?
One"Great Seal Empire"Since the rise and independence of the 18th century, India has become the most important overseas colony of the British, known as"The coffers of the British Empire", hundreds of millions of Indians support the economy of the British Isles.
However, by the time of World War II, national independence movements had begun to erupt in India, and national leaders like Gandhi had emerged. During World War II, Japan's offensive in Southeast Asia led to the rapid elimination of Western power.
In late 1941, when Japanese troops were approaching India, the British, fearing that the Indians would side with Japan, promised to make India independent after the war ended. However, after the end of World War II, Britain tried to repent, but did not expect Mahatma Gandhi to lead"Congress Party"Independence was propagated everywhere, and the Indian national liberation movement developed rapidly, and the British could not suppress it at this time, so they had to let India become independent.
In 1947, Britain granted India independence as agreed during World War II, but after independence, India was divided into India and Pakistan, and the two countries almost immediately clashed over the border.
After three years of war, the Republic of India was finally established in 1950. At that time, India occupied the South Asian subcontinent and bordered Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and China in the north.
In particular, the more than 1,700-kilometer-long border between China and India has always been"Traditional customary boundaries", there is no survey and demarcation, and there is no border defense. However, India is very proud of its independence, after all, after 200 years of colonization, the first thing India did was to rebuild its national self-confidence, to be a leader in Asia, and even more so to be a world-class country.
India sees itself as the "successor of the British Empire" and pursues a "forward strategy" in an attempt to occupy all the territory of LinkedIn in South Asia and establish the "Great Indian Empire". In the years that followed, India sent troops in all directions, including semi-independent states within the country and Nepal, Bhutan, and Sikkim in the north, which were effectively occupied by India and lost their sovereignty in just three years.
India's leader, Jawaharlal Nehru, was so confident that he declared: "India is strong enough to not fear any rival." "In the Himalayas and Karakoram, however, India has encountered Chinese resistance.
India followed the "McMahon Line" drawn by the British in 1913 and assigned 90,000 square kilometers of land to itself, but this line was not recognized by China.
At this time, the Chinese Liberation War was still going on, and India was secretly enclosing land according to McMahon. Nehru's idea was that India should be fully expanded in the southeast, northwest, and northwest, and that the best option for the vast ** region was to make it independent and become a buffer state similar to "Outer Mongolia".
If ** cannot be independent, India will occupy as much land as possible, because New China has just been formed, and India believes that the Chinese may not have much power on the distant border.
However, due to India's occupation of southern Tibet, after the peaceful liberation of China in 1950, China began to play games with India over the issue.
2. The Sino-Indian border conflict has escalated and India's attitude has changed: China and India were once friendly neighbors, and India's attitude toward New China was positive in the early days. The two countries established diplomatic relations six months after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
After all, China and India are both third-world countries, and there has been no conflict since ancient times, and there is still a "honeymoon period" between the two countries. However, with the entry of the Chinese People's Liberation Army into Tibet in 1950 and the peaceful liberation of China in 1951**, Chinese mainland was completely liberated.
At that time, the transportation conditions into Tibet were very difficult, the Qinghai-Tibet and Sichuan-Tibet highways had not yet been opened, and a large number of PLA ammunition, food, medicine and civilian materials were transported to Indian ports through Chinese shipping companies, and then went north into India.
However, after the peaceful liberation, India and the squadron eventually clashed along the long border.
India illegally occupies the southern Tibetan region and is trying to extend their "wheat line" claims to the "Aksai Chin" region of China. China** firmly opposes this proposition, while India complains that China is "ungrateful" and claims to have helped during liberation**.
However, India did not gain anything on the border issue, but colluded with the United States to ** reactionary forces, which led to many ** rebellions. Although the rebellion was eventually put down by the PLA, the Indian army was still arrogant, trying to cross the "wheat line" and advance northward, clashing with the squadron in the "Chaku village" in the Langjiu area, an incident known as the "Langjiu Incident".
At the time of the Langjiu Incident in 1959, China was in a difficult period, with frequent natural disasters at home and relations with the Soviet Union on the verge of breakdown. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev seized this opportunity to incite India to be our enemy, to equip India, and to lend India **1.5 billion rubles in an attempt to get India to exert pressure on China.
This kind of behavior has undoubtedly added fuel to the fire of the Sino-Indian conflict and made India more unscrupulous on the border issue. Despite China's efforts to exercise restraint and refrain from patrolling and hunting even within 30 kilometers of the border, India has repeatedly crossed the border.
In 1960, China and India held negotiations in New Delhi on the border issue, and the ministers argued with each other, but the Indians were stubborn and did not accept hard and soft.
After the talks, both China and India realized that the other side would not budge, so they began to build roads in southern Tibet to strengthen preparations for war.
In 1962, the Sino-Indian border situation was tense, and India's arrogant behavior angered the Chinese people. The People's ** article "Is it tolerable, but it is intolerable" severely condemned India's rogue acts.
At the meeting of the Military Commission, it was decided to conduct a self-defense counterattack against India, with the purpose of warning India, so that the southwest would be stable and we would have time to build. In the counterattack, the squadron began its offensive on the eastern and western borders, defeating the Indian 7th Brigade in just 30 minutes, capturing more than 1,000 people.
In Aksai Chin, the squadron eliminated more than 300 Indian border guards and captured more than 150 people. The Chinese People's Liberation Army completely occupied southern Tibet and Tawang regions, dismantling dozens of strongholds built by Indian troops.
The nation of India was shocked when Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru vowed to "protect the sacred land".
In order to deal with the border conflict, India specially formed the "Northeast Army", which gathered the elite troops of the country, the main force of which was the fourth division of the Indian Army, which fought with the Germans in North Africa in World War II, and its combat effectiveness was recognized by the British.
The division has 4 brigades with a total of 21 battalions and 22,000 soldiers. Due to the poor transportation conditions in southern Tibet, both China and India are dominated by mountain infantry, with relatively little heavy firepower and weak air force.
On 24 October, ** again offered to renegotiate, willing to stop the offensive and willing to retreat 20 km. However, India did not accept the ceasefire proposal and actively mobilized its troops.
When the United States learned of the Sino-Indian conflict, it was very excited and provided $1 billion in aid to India, while sending a large number of heavy goods.
The Indian Army deployed four brigades in the northeast to support, and on November 14, Nehru's birthday, the Indian Army led by Lieutenant General Carr launched a counterattack in the Warong area.
However, despite their continuous fighting for 6 hours, they did not succeed in capturing the PLA-controlled 06 heights, and were eventually repelled by the PLA. Subsequently, the PLA launched a counterattack, and the 54th Division of the 130th Army stationed in Warong launched a counter-charge, breaking through the positions of the Indian army in just two days, eliminating the Indian 11th Brigade, and taking more than 1,200 prisoners and destroying hundreds of bunkers.
At this time, the Indian army was still organizing a counterattack, and they took all the heavy ** with them in an attempt to have a decisive battle with the squadron. However, the PLA saw the "top-heavy" flaw of the Indian army, with their heavy corps at the front and their rear units exposed on the flanks.
Therefore, Zhang Guohua, the commander-in-chief of the campaign, decided to cut off the rear of the Indian army in a roundabout way, sending 5,000 people of the second regiment to detour behind the Indian army in five days, and then encircle and annihilate the main force of the Indian army.
On November 16, the PLA roundabout troops arrived at the predetermined position ahead of schedule and immediately began to attack the rear of the Indian army. The 33rd Regiment moved south to the Bomdila Hills, and the 32nd Regiment attacked the 65th Brigade of the Indian Army at Derangzong in order to stop the enemy reinforcements.
At 23 o'clock on the evening of November 17, the People's Liberation Army launched an assault on the Bomdila Mountain, and the next morning, the main peak of Bomdila was controlled by the 33rd Regiment of the People's Liberation Army, and the Indian army was defeated.
On November 18, the Indian army at the western pass of the front line found that the squadron had occupied the Bomdila Hill and cut off the road behind.
At 8 o'clock in the morning of the same day, the People's Liberation Army launched a full-scale attack, and the "Xishankou-Bomdila Campaign" broke out, and the 419th Unit stationed in Tibet marched towards Derangzong, and the Indian 62nd Brigade retreated after a short exchange of fire with it, discarding ** and equipment and retreating to Bomdila.
The next day, the 48th Brigade of the Indian Army retreated, and the PLA occupied Bomdila and began to dismantle the Indian Army's strongholds and checkpoints left on the border. The PLA continued to attack Chaku, where the 48th Brigade of the Indian Army was responsible for blocking the attack, and the blocking battle lasted until the early morning of the 20th, when the 48th Brigade of the Indian Army was almost wiped out, and the PLA won a decisive victory.
In less than 10 days of fierce fighting, four brigades of the Indian army's "Northeast Corps" were annihilated, and more than 7,000 people were killed, wounded and captured, including the commander of the 62nd Brigade, General Khauer, and the war has been settled.
During this period, the squadron also uprooted Indian strongholds on the border of the Western Front, causing more than 100 enemy troops. On November 20, India's national parliament declared a state of emergency, and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru approached the U.S. ambassador to India at 3 p.m. to ask the Americans for help.
The U.S. ambassador, who had never seen Nehru so frightened, immediately contacted Kennedy and asked the U.S. military to send an aircraft carrier to the Bay of Bengal to demonstrate. Since then, India's sharp spirit in the war has disappeared, and Nehru nervously organized the ** in the border areas to retreat, and he believed that China ** would drive straight into the interior of India for a long time.
However, on November 21, China** announced that it would withdraw its troops and withdraw to the pre-war borders by December 1.
4. Jawaharlal Nehru: In 1962, when India's Jawaharlal Nehru was terrified, he offered to negotiate the border issue with India and welcomed discussions on the border issue.
The squadron returned the Indian troops, released prisoners of war, and demonstrated peace sincerity. In the month following the end of the war, thousands of Indian soldiers who had been scattered in the mountains and jungles returned to India, and India subsequently lowered the number of Indian soldiers in the war.
Sensing China's goodwill, India announced that all its troops had withdrawn to the south of the McMahon Line and strictly forbade provocations against the squadron. This skirmish between two Asian powers has attracted widespread attention around the world.
The United States, the Soviet Union, and Britain were all surprised by the performance of the Indian army, and the Indian army had almost no power to fight back in this war, especially the "Battle of Warong", where the Indian army fighting at home was easily defeated by the PLA with its back to fortifications, and the combat effectiveness of this army is indeed questionable.
India's "hawks" also remained silent after seeing the outcome of the war, allowing the Congress to negotiate with China. Finally, China demanded that India stop provocations and stop supporting the rebel forces, and India accepted it in its entirety.
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru had dismissed that defeat as a great humiliation and called on all Indians to remember 1962. The Indian army began to glorify its defeat, even claiming that China had sent hundreds of thousands of troops to southern Tibet to defeat India, believing that India had lost unjustly.
Now, India is constantly provoking on the border, but no matter how the domestic "hawks" advocate war, India will never dare to fire the first shot, thanks to the war in 1962.
Even today, the Indian army still regards the "54th Army" as an imaginary enemy, which shows the deep resentment of the Indian army towards the 54th Army of the People's Liberation Army.