The above-mentioned article "The Value Alienation of the Two Factors of Commodities: The Inevitable Consequences of Ignoring the Value of Natural Resources" raises three questions about the textbook's discussion of the two factors of commodities and the law of value
1.The measure of use value and exchange value is not considered, and the use value and exchange value of commodities are not analyzed from the perspective of monetization
2.The quantitative relationship between the amount of value of a commodity and socially necessary labor time is not given. Similarly, there is no monetized value analysis of socially necessary labor time.
3.In the case of "commodities exchanged with each other according to the principle of equal value", it is not clear whether the "value" here is the value determined by the socially necessary labor time.
Due to these problems, the use value and value of commodities remain in an abstract concept, and are out of touch with the reality of the market economyHowever, the value of commodities appears to be "illusory", weakening the guiding significance of the law of value to the market economy.
On the basis of the analysis and discussion in the above articles, this paper further proposes the concept of "monetization of commodity value" and gives the monetization formula of commodity value.
Without money, there is no commodity
Some textbooks use the analogy of bartering in primitive societies when explaining the exchange value of commodities. This clearly fails to capture the essence of exchange value. Commodities are produced for the sake of **. Money, as a general equivalent, is a necessary condition for the realization of commodities. Under the conditions of a market economy, the vast majority of goods are sold for the purpose of obtaining an equivalent currency.
A communist society "to each according to his ability and according to his needs". At that point, money may no longer be needed. However, all the fruits of labor are distributed according to demand, and the sale of goods is no longer necessary.
Although money and commodities belong to different dimensions, it is safe to judge:Money is a measure of the quantity of value of a commodity. Without money, there would be no commodity, and commodities and money would inevitably go hand in hand.
Monetization of the amount of value of a commodity: this is the law of value coming outIvory towerThe key
Commodities** is the value of a commodity expressed in money. However, the textbook description of the law of value is limited to the fact that "the amount of value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time." The ** of the commodity fluctuates up and down around the value. ”
The theory of the law of value has not been reflected in the reality of the market economy and is bound to the "ivory tower" of university classrooms, while the practice of the market economy is still guided by the set of Western economics. Although it is inappropriate for Western economics to equate ** with value, it is because ** has practical significance. Western economics still guides the capitalist countries of the West to brilliant economic success.
I remember that when I was in college 30 years ago, Marxist political economy belonged to the category of ideological and political education, while Western economics was a compulsory course for professional education. Hehe.
Is there a problem with the theory?Of course, there is no problem with theory, the problem lies in not really understanding the essence of theory。In the original Marxist text, it is said, "*, as an index of the quantity of value of a commodity, is an index of the proportion of exchange between commodities and money." "Look, the original book is ** the relationship between ** and the value of the commodity. Textbooks ignore this.
The author believes that the understanding of the law of value is only stopThe amount of value of a commodity is determined by socially necessary labor time. The ** of the commodity fluctuates up and down around the value. is superficial, even dogmatic. Monetization is the link between the value in theory and the best in the market economy. Thus, the law of value comes outIvory towerThe key is the monetization of the amount of value of the commodity.
The formula for monetizing the amount of merchant value
The amount of value of a commodity is determined by socially necessary labor time. But the amount of value of a commodity is not equal to the value of socially necessary labor time. In the previous article, "Who decides the ** of commodities, supply and demand or value?".gives the quantitative relationship between the ** (the external expression of the value of the commodity) and the socially necessary labor time for the production of the commodity. The details are as follows:
p = k·t ＋ c ……Simplified formula for the amount of value of the commodity.
where p is the ** of the commodity, t is the socially necessary labor time, and k is the labor time value coefficientc is the value of the commodity that has not been value-added, including direct material costs and production expenses.
Through further discussion and analysis, we recognize the following three points:
1.Socially necessary labour time should not be confined to the process of commodity production. It should also be extended to the entire life cycle of the commodity: from the initial idea, through the sale of the merchandise and the sale of services, to the delisting of the merchandise and the cessation of production. All necessary labor related to the whole life cycle of the commodity should be included in the socially necessary labor of the value of the commodity.
2.The amount of value of a commodity is also closely related to the use value (monetization) of all the raw materials (including auxiliary materials) that make up the commodity.
Socially necessary labor time in the whole life cycle of commodities is the necessary time for reproducing labor power. After monetization, the necessary time value of labor to reproduce is less than the value of commodities.
That is, the use value of a commodity is greater than the sum of the use value of all the raw materials that make up the commodity and the value of all socially necessary labor time throughout the life cycle of the commodity. The difference between the two is the surplus value. The difference between the quantity of value of a commodity and the value of the use of all the raw materials that make up it is the multiplication of value created by living labour. (Note: The ** concepts here have been monetized).
According to the above three understandings, after optimizing the simplified formula of commodity value, the monetization formula of commodity value is obtained
Note: The value of other factors such as technology, land, and financial capital is not considered here).
The practical significance of the formula for monetizing the value of goods
Through monetization, the abstract concept of value in the law of value forms a corresponding relationship with the ** in the market economy;Acknowledging that the use value of raw materials is part of the value of commodities makes the value of commodities truly have the basis of "things".Extending the socially necessary labor time of commodities to all necessary labor throughout the life cycle of commodities basically fills the "gap" between the amount of value of commodities and the socially necessary labor time (note: the value of other factors of production mentioned above is still missing).
From this, the formula for monetizing the value of the commodity is obtained. The law of value has stepped out of the "ivory tower" of pure theory and has truly become a powerful theory guiding the practice of market economy.
This formula connects the value of theory with the practicality, making it possible to conduct large-scale empirical economic analysis. The empirical analysis can help to further refine and refine the formula, and can also deduce new practical formulas. Moreover, a large number of empirical analysis data will significantly improve the scientific nature of economic decision-making at both the micro and macro levels. More importantly, the timeliness, effectiveness and accuracy of supervision will be significantly improved. Policy measures to compensate for market failures have also been more effective.
The Basics 06