From Chen Sheng's first uprising to the Huangchao uprising, although they were all under the banner of peasant uprisings, neither the people who initiated the uprising nor those who took over the uprising were peasants in the full sense of the word. They were either declining aristocrats, or local tycoons, or smuggling salt dealers, and their uprisings were not so much helpless as desperate wealth and danger. However, since Huangchao's "** million, the family is killed", the shadow of the family family is no longer behind the rebels who followed, and the peasant rebel army has gradually returned to its original appearance. The superstitious color of the revolutionary slogans gradually faded, and the problems pointed not only directly at the feudal system itself, but also more instructive and systematic.
6. Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun revolted.
Main characters: Wang Xiaobo, Li Shun.
Slogan: I am sick with the inequality between the rich and the poor, and now I am the one who is even.
Ending: In December 993, Wang Xiaobo was seriously injured and died, in January 994, Li Shun founded the country as "Dashu", and in May, he was defeated and captured, and died unyieldingly.
Evaluation: Wang Xiaobo was born as a tea farmer, and Li Shun was born as a tenant. The two of them rose up because the Northern Song Dynasty court pressed too much, resulting in difficulties in making a living;The slogan of "equal wealth and poverty" put forward by them directly pointed to the gap between the rich and the poor in feudal society, and the slogan of "equal wealth and poverty" not only meant that the peasant uprising had broken away from the control of the big families and shaken off the shackles of feudal superstition;It also means the self-awakening of the peasant class and the active demand for the right to live. In today's view, the meaning of the name "Yingyun" is by no means simply a matter of adapting to the people. It is also a concentrated embodiment of the desire of peasant groups to sit on the table and participate in the distribution of benefits.
7. Zhong Xiang and Yang Mi revolted.
Main characters: Zhong Xiang, Yang Mi.
Slogan: Equal to the rich and the poor.
Ending: In 1130, Zhongxiang of Wuling Min rose up and established the "Chu" state, with the year name "Tianzai", and established Zhong Ziang as the crown prince, and was assassinated by spies in the same year. After Zhong Xiang's death, Yang Mi accepted the righteous army, supported Zhong Ziang as the king of Chu, and continued to resist, and in 1135, Yang Mi was defeated and killed, and the uprising failed.
Evaluation: The shame of Jingkang, the northern hunt of Huiqin, and the newly established Southern Song Dynasty under the banner of recovery, wantonly plundered the people, exacted taxes and miscellaneous taxes, and extorted extortion, and the people of Jiangnan finally rose up to resist. In this uprising, the rebel group not only put forward economic demands, but also put forward demands for political rights and interests, but although the awareness of the peasant class is constantly improving, it has not yet reached the point of founding the country after all.
8. Han Shantong and Liu Futong rebelled, and Zhu Yuanzhang rebelled.
Main characters: Han Shantong, Liu Futong, Zhu Yuanzhang.
Slogan: King Ming was born;The stone man has one eye, instigating the Yellow River to rebel against the world;Expelled the Tartars and restored China.
Ending: Han Shantong was killed, Liu Futong was killed in battle, Zhu Yuanzhang took over the righteous army, adhered to the principle of "building a high wall, accumulating grain, and slowly becoming the king".
Comment: It should be said that the only peasant army uprising in Chinese history that can be called victorious in the full sense of the word took place at this time. The victory of the peasant army at this stage certainly had its own specific historical factorsirreconcilable ***The racial policy of the Yuan Dynasty and the heavy pressure and exploitation led to irreconcilable between the Mongols and Hans. Objectively, the Han intellectuals were urged to join the peasant army. It provided sufficient theoretical armament for the rebel army, and was no longer a rabble without theoretical support.
9. Peasant uprising in the Ming Dynasty.
Main characters: Li Zicheng, Zhang Xianzhong.
Slogan: Smooth the middle earth, cut off the first dirt. Uniform fields are free of grain.
Ending: Zhang Xianzhong established the "Great Western Regime" in Sichuan, and died in battle at the hands of Haoge, the prince of Manchu Qingsu;Li Zicheng invaded Beijing, established the "Dashun regime", and died in Jiugongshan after a fierce battle with the Manchus, and the Central Plains fell into the hands of the Manchus.
Evaluation: Since the Huangchao peasant army has often been able to successfully subvert the rotten regime, but rarely can successfully gain a foothold, the reason for this is that it has not received the support and support of the intellectual group, Zhu Yuanzhang because of his special historical background and personal charm, which directly led to the success of Zhu Yuanzhang alone after the Huangchao.
10. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.
Main characters: Hong Xiuquan, Yang Xiuqing.
Slogan: There is land and ploughing, there is food and food, there is money and work, everywhere is uneven, no one is not full and warm.
Ending: The uprising lasted for 14 years, Yang Xiuqing died in the "Tianjing civil strife", Hong Xiuquan died of illness, and after his death, Tianjing City was broken, and Hong Xiuquan was dug up and whipped to show the public.
Evaluation: If it were not for the invasion of Yiyang and the peace between the Great Powers and the Manchus, Hong Xiuquan's Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement would have been the most likely to become an uprising movement that succeeded Zhu Yuanzhang in the revolution. However, the complicated international environment and the short-sighted Hong Xiuquan clique doomed this vigorous revolutionary movement to failure.
Looking at these peasant uprisings, whether it is Wang Xiaobo's "inequality between the rich and the poor", Zhong Xiang's "equal to the rich and the poor", and the rich and poor;It is still Zhang Xianzhong's "Seven Killings Monument" and Li Zicheng's "Juntian Free Grain". Although they are all vigorous, they are also biased. It is often the same as a child's house, only looking for immediate pleasure, but not foresight. Therefore, no matter how violent it was, it could not escape its own limitations after all—it was always only concerned about its own interests. The ancients said: "Those who only seek one domain are not enough to seek the overall situation." It has to be said that the ending of the peasant army uprisings of successive generations is the best footnote to this sentence.