Since the founding of Kublai Khan, the Yuan Dynasty, in the state of parallel state of the two systems of "royal government" and "provincial government", the state administrative functions mainly relied on the centralized bureaucratic politics to achieve, which limited the intervention of the Mongol kings in daily administrative affairs.
However, at the time of the election and support of the new Khan, they still had important traditional powers, especially when the first emperor did not ornate a crown prince according to the Han system.
During the more than a decade of their reigns, Renzong and Yingzong were distant, with most of the Mongol kings who were close to the center of power.
However, after Tie Shi made secret contact with them, they all seemed to agree to adopt Timur, the second son of Jinjin's eldest son, Gan Mala, and the heir to the four great ears of Mobei, as the new monarch after Yingzong.
Tie Fu decided to stop Yingzong's pursuit and punishment of him with a desperate assassination operation, so he sent an urgent envoy to the camp of the Tula River, and told the king of Jin and his cronies about the rebellion plan, and made an appointment to "make it happen, and promote the king as emperor".
Yesun Temur immediately imprisoned the envoy and sent people to Shangdu to complain.
However, before they could arrive, the South Slope Change.
Soon after, the kings followed the instructions of Tibuhua and the former Taishi Yue Chichaer, and King Qiyang also went to Mobei with the emperor's seal.
In September, Yesun Temur ascended the throne as Great Khan when "there were no other brothers but the quarrel", and later people called him Emperor Taiding.
Emperor Taiding succeeded in transferring the status of the Great Khan from the second son of Zhenjin, the Talama Ba line, to his eldest son, the Gan Rama line, not only because of the Jin Dynasty's status as the "head of the clan" and his heavy military command, but also because the ministers of the southern kings, who favored the Mongol culture, were deeply dissatisfied with the Han law policy pursued by Renzong and Yingzong at the expense of their vested interests.
In addition, Emperor Taiding personally showed the characteristics of "not seeking dissent, not trying to rank, and acting according to his duty and the country" ("Yuan Shi Taiding Emperor I"), so he had a good reputation among the Mongolian nobles.
Emperor Taiding took a rather strategic approach to the direct participants in the Nanpo Rebellion.
In his enthronement edict, he announced a general amnesty, declaring that the crimes of killing grandparents, parents, and wives and concubines and husbands among the ten evils would not be pardoned, while other crimes such as rebellion, rebellion, and the murder of the master by slaves and maids would be pardoned.
This pardon included the most intolerable crimes of rebellion and great rebellion of Confucianism, and the most hated crimes of slavery and murder of the Mongols.
The killing of grandparents and parents has always been the worst crime in history, and it has not been forgiven since the time of Emperor Sejo.
However, Emperor Taiding expressed it in his edict in a unique way, apparently to appease those who were like Tie Lost.
At that time, the emperor's chariot and horse traveled thousands of miles, both were full of rebellions and turmoil, armed forces held military power, official seals, and important political positions, and there were dangers everywhere, and the people suffered greatly.
Therefore, Emperor Taiding resorted to leniency and forgiveness in order to assuage their suspicions and allow these criminals to reassure themselves and avoid continuing to be unscrupulous.
Among the first published central **, including Yingzong's number one criminal, Temur (the right prime minister of the Zhongshu) and Tie Shu (the Privy Council) and others.
In October, Tie Lost's younger brother Suo Nan and Yingzong's Su guard Kuo Man and others were executed, and Xu Meijie was appointed as the right prime minister, and he was sent to take the lead in handling government affairs.
At the same time, Tie Lost, as the ruling minister of Dadu, together with the envoys sent by Emperor Taiding, paid tribute to the Taimiao for the new emperor's enthronement.
Legend has it that during the ceremony, "the wind came from the north, and the lights and candles on the temple were extinguished for a long time before they were re-lit."
This is because Tie Lost, Yexian Timur, Chijin Timur and others are all wicked people who kill kings.
After Xu Maijie and others arrived in Dadu, according to the order issued by Emperor Taiding, they executed Tie Lost, Chijin Temur and others, and punished their descendants and families.
In mid-November, Emperor Taiding arrived in Dadu.
Most of the rebels' leading culprits have essentially been executed, while others are likely to receive leniency.
For example, Tiemudie's second son, Suonan, was sentenced to a broken rod for "intimacy and rebellion".
However, after the order was given, a fierce controversy sparked, and in the end he was also sentenced to death, and more than one person was executed.
There were too many people involved in this incident, so Emperor Taiding decided to "go against the party and coerce the people, how can they be punished" ("Yuan Shi Zhang Jue Biography").
Especially for the members of the royal family who participated in the plot, Emperor Taiding only exiled them to distant places without executing them.
Temur took control of the government just after the supreme ruling group of the Yuan Dynasty had undergone a major change.
In the process of implementing the Han law in the Renzong and Yingzong dynasties, he broke the institutional balance of the Han, Mongol and Huihui laws formulated by Shizu, which caused dissatisfaction among various political forces.
During the Taiding period, natural disasters were frequent, and the northwest region continued to rain and hail for many years, affecting the northern part of Jinghu Lake, and the eastern part of Zhejiang to northern Jiangsu on the southeast coast was constantly attacked by sea water, and North China also often suffered from landslides, drought locusts and other disasters.
Temur's initial era name was Taiding, but in his last years he switched to Zhihe, indicating that his policy focus was stability.
At the beginning of his reign, in order to eliminate internal contradictions, he took a series of measures.
First of all, he sent the twenty-four "princes' officials" who had been exiled to distant places and their hometowns back to Beijing.
At the same time, he also rehabilitated the Yushitai** who was unjustly killed and exiled in the previous dynasty, and the surviving ones were recalled and hired, and the deceased were given additional gifts.
The exiled royal family was pardoned and returned to their tribes.
King Zong Tutimur (later Wenzong) and Amuge were also recalled to Jingshi from Hainan and Datong respectively.
In addition, he also sent his niece Babusha to the northwest to become the concubine of Mingzong.
In the last years of Yingzong, the king of Liao killed more than 100 people including his clan relatives without spending money, and Yushitai asked for punishment, but was finally forgiven by Emperor Taiding, and was released back to Liaodong after giving a generous gift.
At the same time, it also increased the number of kings who went out of the interior of the town.
Mainu was appointed as Xuanjing Wang Zhen Yidu, Kuanche Buhua was appointed as Weishun Wang Zhenhuguang, and Kuokuo Buhua was appointed as Jing'an Wangzhen Shaanxi and so on.
According to the understanding of the people at that time, "the prince regarded feudalism and set up a province of Xingzhongshu and a department of honest visits to take care of China", and the departure of King Zong's town was regarded as a form of system of dividing feudal domains.
The promotion of such a system in the interior is actually to increase the rights and interests of the kings at the cost of weakening the bureaucracy of the centralized power.
In terms of finances, Emperor Taiding still adopted the method of Shizu and relied on the Hui people to manage the finances.
Although the Han Confucian ministers were disgusted with the "people of the Western Regions", they maintained basic economic stability, especially in the face of frequent disasters.
In order to stabilize prices in the Gyeonggi region, grain from the south to the north will continue to be transported.
In the three years of Taiding, the total amount of grain transported by sea reached 3.37 million stones, and the actual amount reached was 3.35 million stones, setting a record for the highest amount of grain arriving in Beijing in the Yuan Dynasty.
Since the third year of Yanyou, Yuan** has been tightening the monetary system and controlling prices by reducing the number of banknotes issued.
However, in the sixth and seventh years of the reign of Enyou, due to the deterioration of the fiscal situation, the number of banknotes issued suddenly increased to cover the fiscal deficit, which resulted in a single inflation.
This inflation continued until the end of the reign of Emperor Youngjong.
The Taiding Dynasty continued to implement measures to reduce the amount of money printed, which led to a gradual decline in prices to the levels of the six and seven years before Yanyou, and some items were even lower than before Tenggui**.
In order to increase the income, the system of worshipping officials in Su was also implemented.
The official decision of Yanyin ** rose to one hundred and fifty taels in the early year of Renzong, and then ** to one hundred and twenty-five taels in the second year of Taiding, and it was not until four years later that it returned to the old price.
Historians have commented that the Taiding period was a period of "peace" in which "nothing happened in the world", and it was quite successful from an economic point of view.
While Emperor Taiding worked to quell the discontent of the Mongols and the Semu people, he also deeply realized that the emotional attitudes of the Confucian and Han Chinese people had a crucial impact on the legitimacy of the dynasty.
At that time, the mourning and reverence of Han Confucian ministers for Yuan Yingzong and his prime minister was very common.
Recalling Yingzong, Zhang Yanghao was deeply saddened: "I once saluted the seal in the palace, and it was as majestic and solemn as nine passes.
Looking back at Qiaoshan, tears condensed into blood, and when he saw the monarch, he couldn't bear to ask about his face.
However, as a monarch with a more Mongol cultural background, it was difficult for Emperor Taiding to win the support of the Han Chinese in this situation.
Although he did not listen much to the advice of the Han Confucian courtiers, he still showed respect for them on the surface.
For example, when Zhang Qi fell ill, Emperor Taiding not only ordered him not to bow down, but also gave him a small car and allowed him to sit under the palace gate.
The old ministers Wang Yue and others left in the Yingzong era, Emperor Taiding still treated them as the "three elders" and was ordered to discuss the affairs of Zhongshu Province.
In the past, Taimiao was only worshiped once a year, but Yingzong restored the ancient system and worshiped four times a year.
At that time, the ** of the Taichang Yuan suggested simplifying the sacrificial ceremony, but Emperor Taiding resolutely opposed it, declaring: "The sacrifice is a grand thing, how dare I simplify the ritual and order the continuation of the four sacrifices."
However, temple rituals are very complicated, especially in summer and autumn.
During the Yingzong period, the Dharma clothes made for the Mengdong Buri Festival were still used, and they needed to wear heavy robes, kneel outside, and often sweat from the heat.
Emperor Taiding was unwilling to follow Yuan Yingzong's personal sacrifice, declaring: "I follow the ancient system of the ancestors and let the ministers act on their behalf."
Although the Taiding Emperor's false worship of Han Confucian ministers was superficial, they were still limited, and most of the ministers who held important positions were Mongols and Semu people who were very alienated from Han culture.
Increasingly, they stayed in the confinement only for the sake of favor and comfort, sometimes not even going to the central hall for ten days.
During the Taiding period, the conflict between provinces and Taiwan escalated again.
For example, Yang Tingyu, who participated in politics in Zhongshu, was arrested by order of the Imperial Historical Observatory.
However, Prime Minister Zuo framed him for "deviating from his orders" and attempted to impose heavy punishment on Taichen in order to vent his personal anger.
Zhang Qiyan wrote three times to defend himself and was finally released.
Although they were all dismissed and repatriated to their hometowns, Zhongshu Province even announced an amnesty on the grounds of "bad luck and bad luck", announcing that it would re-select "the ** who has been deprived of their official positions by Taiwan since the Ying Temple".
Although the amount of grain to the capital is not as good as last year, this year, the province and Tianli have transported a total of 3.52 million stone of grain, and only 3.34 million stone actually arrived in the capital.
However, Emperor Taiding still insisted on retaining the imperial examination system, which was regarded by the Han Chinese as "the foundation of the country's cultural governance".
At the same time, he inaugurated the formal system of sutra feasts to teach the emperor the way of the emperor.
During this particular period, the provincial-Taiwan conflict continued, and this conflict clearly reflected the struggle between the Mongol Hui forces and the Han French faction.
In contrast to the high mood during the reign of Renzong and Yingzong, the Han Confucian ministers always felt frustrated during the Taiding Dynasty, which was difficult to express, and as a result, the political attitude of the majority became quite negative.