In the picture scroll of the opening of the palace in the nine days and the crowning of all countries, Wang Wei outlined the most glorious era of the Tang Dynasty. In the vicissitudes of the Spring and Autumn Period of 2,000 years, 494 emperors all yearn for the great achievements of all nations to come to the dynasty and surrender to the four seas. The successive emperors pursued the coming dynasty of all states, pointing the "state" to the vassal states, in stark contrast to the colonies of Western countries.
The Chinese emperors of all dynasties adhered to the attitude of "the king does not rule the emperor", that is, he did not interfere in the internal affairs and governance of the vassal state in the relationship between the suzerains and vassals. Only the leaders of vassal states who accepted the canonization of the Chinese emperor could be regarded as orthodox by the common people. From the Western Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, this glorious history was performed in Chinese history, until 1947, when Kanjuti, the last vassal state in Chinese history, announced the end of this history.
The term "vassal state" first appeared in the early Western Han Dynasty, and the states of the Korean Peninsula paid tribute to the Han Dynasty every year, and continued to the Qing Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Han army was invincible, and the countries of the Western Regions surrendered one after another and became vassal states of China. If the states of the Korean Peninsula were the earliest vassal states of China, then Kanjuti was the country with the longest relationship with the Chinese suzerainty.
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Kanjuti was known as the Little Bolu Kingdom, located in the Western Regions, adjacent to the Tubo Kingdom. At the beginning of Tang Xuanzong's succession, King Xiao Bolu came to worship, and Tang Xuanzong loved it very much and canonized him as King Xiao Bolu. However, in the later wars, the little Bolu Kingdom became a puppet state of Tibet. Until the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the relationship between Kanjuti and the vassal gradually faded.
During the heyday of Qianlong, Kanjuti returned to the embrace of the Qing Dynasty in China. During the Qianlong period, the Qing Dynasty reached its peak economically, militarily, and politically, with nearly 50 vassal states, from the Korean Peninsula to the small Kangju countries, all of which respected China. After Kanjuti became a vassal of the Qing Dynasty, successive emperors always maintained contact with it.
However, during the Guangxu period, the British occupied India and other places, and the spearhead of aggression was aimed at Kashmir, and Kanjuti bore the brunt. The Kandjuti chieftain sought assistance from China, but the Qing were unable to deal with the British threat of force, and finally agreed to make Kandjuti a vassal state shared by the Qing and the British. Although they still paid tribute to the Qing Dynasty, the actual administration belonged to the British.
After the Xinhai Revolution, the Qing Dynasty collapsed, and the vassal states broke away one after another, but Kanjuti insisted on paying tribute. However, with the outbreak of war between India and Pakistan, Khanjuti asked for support from ***, but was not answered. Eventually, Kandjuti became attached to Pakistan, ending a millennia of tribute to China. Although Kandjuti was annexed to Pakistan, he has always expressed support for China.
Until 1962, when China and India went to war, Pakistan wanted to become an ally of China. After the consultations, the two sides signed an agreement in which Pakistan agreed to transfer Kanjuti to China, ending the suzerainty relationship between Kanjuti and China.
The end of the thousand-year-old history of vassal states marked the end of China's vassal state. Although Kandjuti is part of Pakistan, it has always expressed its friendship with China. This period of history is a mixture of ups and downs, honors and disgraces, and has witnessed the glorious journey of China's rise.
The Rise of China: The End of a Thousand Years of Vassal History and the Farewell of Kanjuti profoundly outlines the complex relationship between China and its vassal states over the millennium, as well as the evolution of Kanjuti at this special historical juncture. In this fascinating article, we can see the rise and glory of China in the long course of history, as well as the changing role of vassal states in the process.
First of all, by quoting Wang Wei's poems, the article vividly depicts the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty. Through the vivid description of "opening the palace in nine days, all nations are dressed and crowned", readers can feel the majesty and magnificence of the Tang Empire at that time, as well as the ancient Chinese emperors' yearning for the coming dynasty of all nations.
Secondly, the article gives a detailed explanation of the concept of vassal states, highlighting the suzerain-vassal relationship between China and vassal states, and the attitude of the Chinese emperor towards non-interference in internal affairs in this relationship. This is a demonstration of China's wisdom and humility in handling international relations, in stark contrast to Western colonialism.
The article then goes on to describe in detail the twists and turns of Kanjuti as the last vassal state in Chinese history through a historical timeline. From the prosperity of the small Bolu Kingdom in the early Tang Dynasty, to Kanjuti's request for assistance from China during the Guangxu period, and then to its eventual attachment to Pakistan, this process is not only a microcosm of the intersection of China's feudal era and modern history, but also a transformation of the relationship between China and Kanjuti's suzerainty.
One of the highlights of the essay is the historical depiction of Kanjuti's ties with the Qing Dynasty, Britain, and eventually China. As the last vassal state in Chinese history, Kanjuti experienced various twists and turns, and finally severed relations with China with the outbreak of the Sino-Indian War. This period of history is full of twists and turns and bitterness, showing China's predicament and the helpless choice of Kanjuti at that time.
Finally, the article shows the rise of China and the change of its international status by showing the re-annexation of Kanjuti to China after the Sino-Indian War in 1962, ending the vassal relationship. Although Kanjuti was annexed to Pakistan, he has always expressed his friendship with China. This kind of friendship is not only a look back at history, but also a manifestation of the mutually beneficial cooperation of the international community today.
Overall, this essay not only outlines the complex and profound relationship between China and its vassal states in history, but also shows the rise and evolution of China through the historical trajectory of Kanjuti. This profound historical analysis not only enriches our understanding of China's history, but also enables us to understand more deeply the complexity of international relations.
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