The study of Chinese and classical Chinese in junior high school is an important part of students' improvement of literary literacy and language ability. These classical Chinese works are not only treasures of Chinese culture, but also an indispensable cornerstone for students on their academic and cultural paths. In order to better help students master these classic classical Chinese articles, the teacher specially compiled a must-memorize selection of junior high school Chinese for everyone.
These classical Chinese works are not only an important way for us to understand ancient culture and history, but also an important carrier for us to inherit and carry forward the excellent traditional Chinese culture. It is hoped that students will be able to read and memorize these selected passages carefully, continuously improve their literary literacy and language skills, and lay a solid foundation for their future academic and cultural paths.
【Part 1】Classical junior high school Chinese must be memorized and selected
Yongxue Yongxue couplet.
Liu Yiqing, Northern and Southern Dynasties
Mrs. Xie gathered in the cold and snow days, and talked about righteousness with his children. The snow suddenly fell, and the public happily said: "What does the snow look like?"Brother Hu'er said: "The difference between sprinkling salt and air can be imitated." The brother and daughter said: "If the catkins are raised by the wind." Gong laughed. That is, the eldest brother has no daughter, and the wife of General Zuo Wang Ning is also.
Translations. Xie An held a family gathering on a cold and snowy day to explain poetry to his children and nephews. Soon, the snow fell heavily, and Taifu said happily, "What does this fluttering snow look like?"His brother's eldest son, Sheron, said: "Throwing salt in the air is almost comparable." Another brother's daughter said, "It is better to compare it to a catkins flying in the wind." Taifu laughed. She is Xie Yi's daughter Xie Daoyun, the wife of General Zuo Wang Ningzhi.
Appreciation. It began with an impromptu conversation between Xie An and his children and nephews in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It concisely outlines the snowy days with strong winds and snowfalls, and the scene of the children of the Xie family writing poems and singing snow on the spot, showing the relaxed and harmonious picture of the cultural life of the ancient family. The article praised Xie Daoyun's literary talent through the description of his demeanor and the supplementary description of his identity, and because of this, it has been passed down through the ages and has become a good story. As a textbook of Qing celebrities, "Yongxue" pays special attention to conveying the unique language image of the Wei and Jin Qing scholars, and attaches importance to the embellishment of the language of the characters. ”
Mrs. Xie gathered in the cold and snow days, and talked about righteousness with his children. The first sentence of the article explains Yongxue's background. In just fifteen words, it covers quite a lot. The Xie family of the Eastern Jin Dynasty is a well-known family of poetry hairpins, headed by Xie Taifu, that is, Xie An. In such a family, when you can't go out on a snowy day, you can only have Yaxing who "talks about righteousness". The convener and keynote speaker is naturally Xie An, and the audience is the "sons and daughters". The time, the place, the people, the events are all mentioned. Then write about the main event, Yongxue (in fact, the speaker asked the audience to test the audience). Why did the speaker have such a good idea?It turned out that the weather had changed: "Russian and snowy", earlier there was snow, but not much, and now it has become a heavy snow of goose feathers. This pleased the speaker, who "gladly said, 'What does the snow look like?'Brother Hu'er said: "The difference between sprinkling salt and air can be imitated." The brother and daughter said: "If the catkins are raised by the wind." There may be many answers, but the author has recorded only two: one is what Xie Lang called "sprinkling salt in the air";The other is Xie Daoyun's "catkins rise because of the wind". The speaker did not evaluate the merits of these two answers, but just "laughed and laughed", which is very intriguing. The author did not express his position, but added Xie Daoyun's identity at the end, "That is, the eldest brother has no daughter, and the wife of General Zuo Wang Ning." This is a powerful hint that he appreciates and praises Xie Daoyun's talent, and writes that Xie Daoyun is "Yongxucai".
Why is Xie Daoyun's words better?Catkins, as a spring scene, have the characteristics of flowers and non-flowers, rising because of the wind, drifting without roots, and flying all over the sky. Jin Wuji's "Willow Flower Fu" once described: "Scattered flowers and snow flying, or the wind returns and swims thin, or the fog is chaotic and soars, the wild is clean * and falls together, and the things are uniform and bright." Xie Daoyun compared this to the north wind blowing up the snow, which is a perfect fit. Taking catkins can be larger than its shape, pointing out the scene of "snow burst" at that time, and "rising because of the wind" points out its natural characteristics of fluttering with the wind and diffuse. (He Zhu's "Qingyu Case" in the Song Dynasty has the sentence "full of wind and flocculents".) Compared with this, snowflake catkins can be said to be different and interesting. In this way, looking at the analogy of "sprinkling salt in the air", it is inevitably cramped. The metaphor is more godlike: salt is sprinkled in the air, falling heavily, and it is too late to hide, how can you appreciate it?There is no beauty to speak of. Likened to catkins, a sense of stagnation is swept away, rising because of the wind, flying all over the sky, this is the creation of nature. Moreover, the season when the catkins fly is the time when the spring flowers bloom, and the cold scene in winter is written with the warm scenery of spring, which is more poetic.
【Part 2】Classical junior high school Chinese must be memorized and selected
Ai Lian said. Zhou Dunyi Song Dynasty
The flowers of water, land, grass and trees are very lovely. Jin Tao Yuanming loves chrysanthemum alone. Since Li Tanglai, the world loves peonies very much. To love the lotus out of the mud but not stained, clear ripples but not demons, straight through the outside, not vines and branches, fragrant far and clear, pavilion net planting, can be seen from a distance and can not be blasphemed. (Very loved: Sheng Ai).
It is called a chrysanthemum, and the recluse of flowers is also;Peony, the rich and noble of flowers;Lotus, the gentleman of flowers. Yikes!The love of chrysanthemum is rarely heard after pottery. The love of the lotus, who is the giver?The love of peony should be everyone.
Translations. There are many herbaceous and woody flowers on the water and land. Tao Yuanming of the Jin Dynasty only loved chrysanthemums. Since the Tang Dynasty of the Li family, people in the world have loved peonies very much. And I only love that the lotus flower grows out of the mud but is not polluted, and it does not look glamorous after being washed by clean water. Its stem is hollow inside and straight outside, no vines or branches, the fragrance spreads far and wider, and it stands straight and clean in the water. People can only watch it from a distance, but they can't get close enough to enjoy it.
I think chrysanthemums are the hermits of flowers;Peony is the rich and noble among flowers;Lotus is a gentleman of noble character in flowers. Alas!For the love of chrysanthemums, Tao Yuanming rarely heard it in the future. For the love of lotus, who else is like me?For the love of peonies, of course, there are many people!
Appreciation. The article can be divided into two parts: the first part depicts the noble image of the lotus flower;The second part reveals the metaphorical meaning of the lotus, comments on the three flowers, and uses the lotus to express the author's deep sigh.
The first sentence "The flowers of water, land, grass and trees, the lovely ones are very rich." The word "cute" is selected, including the group, indicating that it is interested in supporting things, and does not deliberately seek work, and it is very good to see its words and considerations.
Then he said, "Jin Tao Yuanming loves chrysanthemum alone". Tao Yuanming refused to bend his waist for five buckets of rice, and after retiring from the ribbon, he drank and wrote poems, and enjoyed the idyllic pleasure of "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and leisurely seeing Nanshan". "Loving Chrysanthemum" shows Yuanming's elegant and fragrant character, and the character of being proud of things, and the title is more clear: Tao Yuanming can love chrysanthemum to express his feelings, how can I not love lotus alone?
Following the writing of "Since Li Tang came, the world loves peony very much", and wrote the Tang people, especially the ruling class, "love peony very much", these sentences seem to be repeated, but they are really to deepen the meaning, and this sentence into the text, so that the sense of contrast is stronger, and it has laid the introduction for the nobility of seeking lotus. The gist of it is that Zhou Dunyi himself loves lotus and Jin Tao Yuanming's love chrysanthemum is different from the world, and in order to maintain a high purity, he would rather die in Nanshan. He wants to be a gentleman in the world who comes out of the mud and is not stained. This kind of mentality of maintaining innocence in the dirty world and seeking truth alone is essentially different from the herd mentality of everyone envy the rich and noble. This paves the way for the "out of the mud without staining" that Ai Lian wants to express.
Then the author put aside a stroke and said, let those people love what they love, "to love the lotus out of the mud without staining, clear ripples but not demons, straight through the outside, no vines and no branches, fragrant far and clear, pavilions and pure plants, can be seen from a distance and can not be blasphemed." This series of narratives makes a powerful rendering of the lotus flower's upright and beautiful appearance, the virtue of simplicity and excellence, and especially the respectable and uninsultable demeanor of Yan Qi. These few sentences are metaphors for the author himself with the noble character of "out of the mud but not stained, and the lotus without demons". In fact, what he meant by this is that the officialdom is dark, and it is as difficult to maintain one's noble character in the officialdom as it is for a lotus flower to emerge from the mud without being stained. This is also the summary of his experience as an official, because he does not want to be in the same stream. And "Mao Qinglian is not a demon" is just a good wish of the author. He is an upright official, a number of unjust prisons, and a master of the people;In his later years, he settled in Lushan, wrote books and enlightened Taoism, cleaned himself and self-love, and cultivated his life, which is the embodiment of his own practice and ambition. This is exactly what this sketch can focus on giving people a deep influence on their thoughts.
Next, the author compares and evaluates the different personalities of the three flower symbols: "The chrysanthemum is also the hermit of the flower;Peony, the rich and noble of flowers;Lotus, the gentleman of flowers. Originally, flowers have no personality, but in the eyes of the author, the lotus flower is close to the chrysanthemum, but it is not as high and arrogant as the chrysanthemum, and it seems to be a hermit who escapes reality;It is not as beautiful and enchanting as a peony, and it is rich and charming. The lotus flower is not contaminated because of the dirty reality, and it is washed by clean water without showing demonization, and it is really a virtuous gentleman among the flowers. In addition, the lotus flower is a sacred object in Buddhism, such as Lai, Guanyin are all seated in the lotus. Tang Shi Taoist "Three Treasures Respecting Buddha" cloud: "Therefore, all the Buddhas of the ten directions are all out of the turbidity of the mud;The three bodies are enlightened, all sitting on the lotus platform. The author's poem "Title Lotus" is also cloudy: "The Buddha loves me and loves, and the fragrant butterfly does not steal." Generally clear, not on the head of a beauty. "With this sketch reference, the taste complements each other.
Finally, the author commented on the flower and then commented on "love": "Wow!".The love of chrysanthemum is rarely heard after pottery. The love of the lotus, who is the giver?The love of peony should be everyone. "I sighed deeply: In today's world, there are few true hermits, few virtuous people, and villains who tend to be inflammatory, and the door of wealth and nobility abound;In this reckless red dust, how many like-minded people can go to this social disease together?Here first use flowers as a metaphor, so that the characteristics of flowers are metaphorical, although plain, but the metaphor is pertinent, and then use flowers to metaphor people, Tao Yuanming's escape from the world, the world's pursuit of glory and wealth of the mentality is vividly described. Although the words inevitably reveal a kind of lonely grievance, it is meaningful, and it ruthlessly whips those who are incorruptible and shameful. Here, Zhou Dunyi is arrogant, and his mentality of not conforming to the crowd and only seeking purity is rare in the world. He lamented that it was because the world was declining, and most people were tainted by the world.
Through his admiration and praise for the lotus, the author shows his longing for beautiful ideals, his admiration for noble sentiments, and his hatred of the mediocre world.
【Chapter 3】Classical junior high school Chinese must be memorized and selected
The Burrow. Liu Yuxi, Tang Dynasty
The mountain is not high, and there is a fairy name. The water is not deep, and if there is a dragon, it will be spiritual. Si is a burrow, but Wu Dexin. The moss marks are green, and the grass is green. There is a lot of talk and laughter, and there is no white ding. You can tune the piano and read the Golden Sutra. There is no silk and bamboo, and there is no case. Nanyang Zhuge Lu, West Shuzi Cloud Pavilion. Confucius: What is ugly?
Translations. The mountain is not high, and with the gods will be famous. Water is not deep, with a dragon there will be aura. It's a simple house, but I don't feel shabby because I'm in good character. The moss marks are green, growing to the stage, and the grass is green and shallot, reflecting the curtain. The people who come here to talk and laugh are all erudite people, and those who do not have shallow knowledge can play the piano without decoration and read Buddhist scriptures. There is no orchestral sound to disturb the ears, and no official documents to strain the body. There is Zhuge Liang's grass house in Nanyang, and there is a pavilion of Yangziyun in Xishu. Confucius said, "What's so simple?"
Appreciation. Ming is a rhyming style engraved on gold and stone in ancient times, which is mostly used to sing praises and warn oneself. Understand the meaning of the inscription, but also understand the meaning of the topic, the author of the words, through the description of the room, try to describe the humble room is not ugly, "Si is the ugly room, but I Dexin" this center, in fact, is to use the name of the humble room to praise the moral character, express the owner of the noble and proud of the temperament and the taste of poverty.
The Burrow Ming is the beginning of the landscape to rise, the mountain can not be high, the water can not be deep, as long as there is a fairy dragon can be famous, then although the residence is simple, but because of the owner's "virtue" and "Xin", that is to say, the Burrow because of the existence of people with high moral character can of course also be famous, famous, carved stone to remember. The ordinariness of the landscape is beautiful because of the fairy dragon, so of course, the humble room can also be sown with fragrance by people with noble moral character. This kind of skill of borrowing strength is really wonderful, and it can also be said that the author is unique. In particular, the landscape is dotted with fairy dragons, and the idea is wonderful. "Si is a burrow, only Wu Dexin", from the landscape fairy dragon into the topic, the author turned his pen, directly cut into the theme, and saw that the introduction laid the foundation. also pointed out the reason why the burrow is not ugly, and the reason is the word Dexin.
At this point, it can be seen that the author wrote this essay after repeated thoughts, and it was definitely not a momentary inspiration. Quatrains can be a flash of inspiration, but the flawless connection is the usual accumulation of skills and repeated scrutiny. Four to seven sentences of difficulty were sacrificed to this text and engraved on the stone, which has a very strong-for-tat nature. Judging from the writing technique of the whole text, the whole article is written in one go in a "than" way, rather than accentuating. So what exactly are the two sentences "moss" and "talking and laughing" talking about?The moss was green on the stone steps, and the weeds were (still) green in the wasteland. What does that mean?I, Liu Yuxi, have not changed my true colors in **, and the people I have interacted with are all well-educated people, and there are no uneducated people. The author uses moss and weeds as a metaphor for his independent personality, which is a portrayal of integrity and a declaration of unyieldingness.
If the first to third sentences of this article are a kind of foreshadowing, then the fourth to seventh sentences enter the real confrontation. The author shows his arrogance in poetic and beautiful language, and at the same time, he also mercilessly lashes out at snobs.
Nanyang Zhuge Lu, Xishu Ziyun Pavilion "The author uses Zhuge Liang's grass house and Xishu Yangziyun's Xuanting as an analogy, leading to his own humble room, and the two of them as his own model, hoping that he can also have the same noble virtue as them, reflecting his thoughts on the self-condition of ancient sages, and at the same time hinting that the humble room is not ugly. In fact, Liu Yuxi wrote this way There is another deep meaning, that is, Zhuge Liang is idle in the Wolong Grassland to wait for the Ming Lord to come out of the mountain. And what about Yangxiong?However, he is indifferent to fame and wealth, and he is dedicated to studying, although the official is of the highest quality, but his indifference to the ups and downs of official positions and money is a model for later generations. The author quotes the meaning of these two people, and what he wants to express is: the meaning of honor and disgrace, unyielding in danger, and adherence to discipline. I don't want to go along with the world, but I also want to show my ambitions to the Lord, and if I don't have the Lord, I am willing to be plain in that kind of ambition. This, combined with the ups and downs of the author's officialdom, is more in line with the actual situation.
The concluding sentence quotes "Confucius Yun: What is ugly?".", quoting the words of the ancients, closing the whole article, showing that the Burrow is "not ugly". It expresses his pursuit of the moral character of feudal etiquette at that time. Using the ethics affirmed by the saint to standardize and demand himself may be Liu Yuxi's requirements for his own moral character. Such a concluding sentence does not say what the content means, but combined with the meaning of the topic, it is a clever hand. Because feudal etiquette is based on Confucian moral standards as moral standards, the affirmation of Confucius Sage also made an excellent conclusion for his moral character, ** There should be arguments, and the words of Confucius Sage as arguments are undoubtedly arguments at the time, sufficient and irrefutable.
【Chapter 4】Classical junior high school Chinese must be memorized and selected
The Story of Yueyang Tower. Fan Zhongyan Song Dynasty
In the spring of the fourth year of Qingli, Teng Zijing guarded Baling County. The more the next year, the politics are harmonious, and the waste is prosperous, which is to rebuild the Yueyang Building, increase its old system, and engrave the poems of Tang Xian and the present people on it, and belong to the composition to remember it. (Gutong: Ju).
Yuguanfu Baling is victorious, in a lake in Dongting. Connecting the distant mountains, swallowing the Yangtze River, the vast soup soup, the endless horizon, the morning and the sunset, the weather is thousands, this is the grand view of Yueyang Tower, the predecessors of the description is prepared. However, the north leads to Wuxia, the South Pole Xiaoxiang, and the people who move to the house will be here
Ruofu * rain and feifei, even the moon does not open, the yin wind roars, the turbidity waves are empty, the sun and stars are hidden, the mountains are hidden, the business travel is not good, the trees are devastated, the twilight is dark, and the tiger roars and the ape cries. Dengslou also, there are people who go to the country to cherish their hometown, are worried and fearful, full of gloom, and feel extremely sad. (Hidden Yao: Hidden Yao;*Rain pass: Thunder Rain).
To Ruochun and Jingming, the waves are not alarmed, the sky is up and down, a blue sky, the sand gulls soar and gather, the brocade scales swim, the shore Zhi Tinglan, lush and green. And or the long smoke is empty, the moon is thousands of miles, the floating light is golden, the still shadow is sinking, and the fishing songs answer each other, what a joy is this!Dengsi Lou also, there is a relaxed heart, spoiled and forgotten, the wine to the wind, its joyful people.
Woof!To taste the heart of the ancient benevolence, or the difference between the two, what is it?Don't be happy with things, don't be sad about yourself, worry about the people when you live in the temple, and worry about the king when you are far away from the rivers and lakes. It is a worry about advancing and a worry about retreating. But when will it be?It must be said that "the worries of the world are worried, and the joy of the world is happy".Yikes!Weisi people, who am I with?On September 15 of the sixth year.
Translations. In the spring of the fourth year of Qingli, Teng Zijing was demoted to Baling County as a taishou. By the second year, the government was going well, the people were happy, and all kinds of abandoned undertakings were established. So the Yueyang Tower was rebuilt, its original scale was expanded, and the poems of the famous artists and contemporaries of the Tang Dynasty were engraved on it. I was asked to write an article about it.
The beautiful scenery of Nabaling County is all on Dongting Lake. It connects the mountains in the distance, swallows the water of the Yangtze River, mighty, boundless, cloudy and sunny in a day, and the weather is ever-changing. This is the majestic scene of Yueyang Tower. The accounts of the predecessors are already very detailed. However, the degraded officials and poets who went to Wuxia to the north and Xiaoshui and Xiangshui to the south probably gathered here, and the emotions triggered by their viewing of the natural scenery were probably different, right?
Like the rainy day, which did not clear for several months, the cold wind roared, and the turbid waves rushed to the sky;The sun and the stars hide their brilliance, and the mountains disappear into shapeMerchants and travelers could not pass, the masts fell, and the oars broke;In the evening, the sky is dark, the tiger is howling, the ape is crying sadly, at this time to climb this building, there will be a kind of leaving the national capital, missing the hometown, worrying about people saying bad things, afraid of people's criticism and accusations, full of depression scenes, feeling extremely sad and sad.
When the spring breeze is warm and the sun is shining, the lake is calm, there are no stormy waves, the sky is connected with the lake, a piece of turquoise, vast and boundless;The gulls on the sandbar, sometimes flying, sometimes stopping, the beautiful fish swim around, the herbs on the shore and the orchids on the island, the grass is lush and verdant. Sometimes the smoke dissipates completely, the bright moonlight pours for thousands of miles, the fluctuating light shines golden, the quiet moon sinks into the water, and the fisherman's song resounds in the ground, this kind of fun is endless!When you climb this building, you will feel open-minded and happy, and you will forget the glory and humiliation together, and you will be very happy and happy with a glass of wine and a breeze blowing.
Alas!I have explored the thoughts and feelings of people of high moral character in ancient times, perhaps different from the feelings of the above two kinds of people, why is this?It is because we are not happy or sad because of the good or bad of external things and our own gains and losses. To be a high-ranking official in the imperial court is to care for the people;Even in the remote rivers and lakes, we must not forget to pay attention to the safety of the country. In this way, being an official in the imperial court is also worried, and it is also worried in the remote rivers and lakes. In that case, when will they be happy?They will definitely say, "Worry before the world is worried, and only after the world is happy." Alas!If there are no such people, with whom am I?
It was written on September 15, the sixth year of the Qingli calendar.
【Chapter 5】Classical junior high school Chinese must be memorized and selected
The Analects, chapter 12.
Confucius and his ** pre-Qin
Zi said: "Learn and learn from time to time, don't you also say?"Friends come from afar, and they are happyPeople don't know and are not ashamed, and they are not gentlemen"Learning".
Zeng Zi said: "I am three times a day and my body: I am not loyal to others?."Make friends and don't believe it?Do you want to pass it on?"Learning".
Zi said: "I have five out of ten and am determined to learn, thirty and stand, forty and not confused, fifty and know the destiny of heaven, sixty and obedient, seventy and do what I want, do not exceed the rules." "For Politics".
Zi said: "Reviewing the old and learning the new can be a teacher." "For Politics".
Zi said: "If you learn without thinking, you will be reckless, and if you think without learning, you will die." "For Politics".
Zi said: "Xianzai, go back!."A spoonful of food, a scoop of drink, in the alleys, people are unbearable, and they will not change their pleasures. Virtuous, back!"Yongye".
Zi said: "Those who know are not as good as those who are good, and those who are good are not as good as those who are happy." "Yongye".
Zi said: "Eat loosely, drink water, bend the humerus and pillow, and enjoy it." Unrighteous wealth and nobility are like floating clouds to me. "The Narrative".
Zi said: "If you are a threesome, you must have my teacher." Choose those who are good and follow them, and change those who are not good. "The Narrative".
Zi Zaichuan said: "The deceased is like a husband, reluctant to give up day and night." "Zihan".
Zi said: "The three armies can win the commandery, but the horseman cannot win the ambition." "Zihan".
Zixia said: "Erudite and ambitious, eager to ask and close to think, benevolence is in it." "Zi Zhang".
Translations. Confucius said, "Isn't it also very pleasant to learn (knowledge) and then review it at a certain time?"Isn't it also very happy to have like-minded people from afar?People don't understand me, but I'm not angry, isn't it also a morally cultivated person?”
Zeng Zi said: "I reflect on myself many times a day: Do you do your best to do things for others?Are you honest and trustworthy in your dealings with friends?Did you review the knowledge imparted by the teacher?”
Confucius said: "At the age of fifteen, I began to aspire to do learning, at the age of thirty I could do things independently, at the age of forty I could not be confused, at the age of fifty I knew what things could not be controlled by man, at the age of sixty I could listen to different opinions, and at the age of seventy I could do things as I wanted, and I would not exceed the rules." ”
Confucius said, "If you review what you have learned, you can gain new understanding and experience, and then you can become a teacher with this point." ”
Confucius said: "If you just study without thinking, you will feel lost and at a loss, and if you don't study, your heart will be full of doubts and uncertain opinions." ”
Confucius said, "How noble is the quality of Yan Hui!."A bamboo basket of rice, a scoop of water, living in a simple alley, no one else can endure this kind of poverty and hardship, but Yan Hui has not changed his studious pleasure. How noble is Yan Hui's quality!”
Confucius said, "He who knows learning is not as good as he who loves to learn;People who love to learn are not as good as people who take learning for fun. ”
Confucius said, "I eat whole grains all day long, drink cold water, bend my arms to make pillows, and enjoy myself." I regard the wealth obtained by unfair means as a floating cloud in the sky. ”
Confucius said, "When many people go together, one of them must be my teacher." I choose his good aspects to learn from him, and when I see his bad aspects, I correct my own shortcomings against myself. ”
Confucius lamented by the river: "Time passes like flowing water, day and night." ”
Confucius said, "The commander of the army can be changed, but the ambition of ordinary people cannot be changed." ”
Zixia said: "If you are well-read and learn extensively, and you can stick to your ambitions, ask questions earnestly, and think more about the current affairs, benevolence is among them." ”
Appreciation. The Analects is a book that records Confucius and his words and deeds, and consists of several chapters, most of which are about learning, moral cultivation, and general principles of life. On the one hand, the selected 12 articles expound that learning should have a modest and studious attitude and the spirit of being diligent and inquisitive, and seeking truth from factsOn the other hand, he expounded the learning methods of reviewing the past and learning the new, combining learning and thinking, and applying what he has learned, which has a great influence on the educational theories of later generations. In addition, there are also expositions on the issue of ideological and moral cultivation and the principle of educating people to behave in the world.
The first chapter talks about personal cultivation from learning methods, applying what you have learned, and reflecting the value of learning. Learning and learning emphasizes that the learning of knowledge requires consciousness and continuous practice. Having friends from afar reflects that learning is also a matter of mutual learning and mutual exchange. People don't know and don't feel ashamed, reflecting that personal cultivation has nothing to do with whether others know or not, but not seeking fame and fortune, and self-improvement.
The second chapter emphasizes that we should always reflect on ourselves and improve our self-cultivation.
In the third chapter, Confucius describes the development process of his lifelong study of morality. As we grow older, our ideological realm gradually improves, which is also a gradual process.
Chapter 4 emphasizes that thinking is the key to learning, and that only those who can find something in reviewing old knowledge can become a teacher.
Chapter 5 clarifies the dialectical relationship between learning and thinking, that is, learning and thinking must be combined in order to gain something.
Chapter 6 Self-cultivation has to withstand the test of hardship and poverty, showing the image of a gentleman who is poor and happy.
Chapter 7 shows the importance of interest in learning.
Chapter 8 deals with the choice between wealth and benevolence, reflecting Confucius's idea that he would rather be poor and humble than stick to righteousness, and that ill-gotten wealth is not advisable.
Chapter 9 stresses the need to be humble in asking others for advice at all times and in all places, learning from each other's strengths and weaknesses, and at the same time having a proper attitude.
Chapter 10 This sentence is Confucius's lament about the passage of time and the shortness of life. Caution people to cherish their time.
Chapter 11 emphasizes the need to defend one's personality and integrity, and Chapter 12 talks about ways to improve one's self-cultivation, that is, to be knowledgeable, ambitious, inquisitive, and thoughtful, which is also the way to seek benevolence.